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Updated: Jun 16, 2025

Standing Neurophysiological Assessment of Lower Extremity Muscles Post-Stroke
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Lower extremity return to sport testing: A systematic review.

Traci Smiley1, Johnathan Dallman2, Rachel Long3

  • 1University of Kansas Medical Center, 2060 W 39th Ave, Kansas City, KS 66103, USA.

The Knee
|August 20, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

No standardized criteria exist for athletes returning to sport (RTS) after lower extremity injuries. This review highlights the need for validated functional tests to reduce re-injury risk and guide RTS decisions.

Keywords:
AnkleHipKneeOrthopedicsReturn to SportSports Medicine

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Area of Science:

  • Sports Medicine
  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Rehabilitation Science

Background:

  • Lower extremity injuries are prevalent in sports, leading to significant healthcare utilization.
  • Current return to sport (RTS) protocols lack uniform criteria, increasing re-injury risk.
  • A need exists for validated functional tests to guide safe RTS following lower extremity injuries.

Approach:

  • A systematic literature search was performed across major biomedical databases (PubMed, Cochrane, Embase, etc.) following PRISMA guidelines.
  • Studies published up to May 2024 were included, with risk of bias assessed using the ROBINS-I tool.
  • 114 studies met inclusion criteria, focusing on joint-specific and global lower extremity functional testing for RTS.

Key Points:

  • The majority of reviewed literature (85%) focused on knee injuries, particularly anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction (82%).
  • Isokinetic dynamometry was the most frequently analyzed RTS assessment method (73%).
  • Limited research exists on RTS criteria for hip (6.2%) and ankle pathologies.

Conclusions:

  • Despite extensive literature on ACL injuries, standardized RTS criteria remain absent.
  • This systematic review provides a framework for developing and validating joint-specific RTS functional testing batteries.
  • Further research is needed to establish comprehensive and reliable RTS protocols for diverse lower extremity injuries.