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The cranial nerves are an important part of the complex network of nerves in the human body. These nerves emerge directly from the brain and are responsible for transmitting essential information between the brain and various parts of the head and neck. There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves, systematically numbered using Roman numerals from I to XII, beginning from the anterior and moving to the posterior of the brain. Each cranial nerve is uniquely identified by names that reflect its function...
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Cranial Nerves: Types Part II01:22

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Cranial nerves are responsible for transmitting motor and sensory information between the brain and various parts of the body. There are twelve pairs of cranial nerves. While the first six innervate the head and neck, the latter six nerves innervate the head and neck, as well as organs and tissues in the thoracic and abdominal cavities. They facilitate communication, expression, and autonomic control within the human body.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 15, 2025

Chronic Constriction Injury of the Rat's Infraorbital Nerve IoN-CCI to Study Trigeminal Neuropathic Pain
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Intranasal Trigeminal Function in Aging Adults.

Noah Z Feit1, Nicole Kloosterman1, Kristina A LaPointe1

  • 1Department of Otolaryngology- Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina.

American Journal of Rhinology & Allergy
|August 22, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Intranasal trigeminal dysfunction affects over a third of older adults but is often unrecognized. Hyperlipidemia may be linked to this impairment, warranting further study in larger groups.

Keywords:
agingchemesthesischemosensory dysfunctionelderlyintranasal trigeminal functionolfactionolfaction disorderspsychophysical testingtrigeminal losstrigeminal nerve

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Area of Science:

  • Gerontology
  • Neuroscience
  • Sensory Science

Background:

  • Intranasal trigeminal nerve function is crucial for detecting environmental stimuli.
  • Age-associated decline in taste and olfaction is documented, yet trigeminal nerve dysfunction (chemesthesis) in aging is less understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize trigeminal nerve function in older adults.
  • To explore the impact of trigeminal dysfunction in this population.

Main Methods:

  • Recruited 28 participants over 50 years old for an aging cohort study.
  • Administered chemosensory questionnaires, patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs), and psychophysical tests for taste, olfaction, and trigeminal function (eucalyptol lateralization).
  • Analyzed data for associations between trigeminal function, other sensory performances, patient-reported metrics, and demographic factors.

Main Results:

  • Patient-reported trigeminal impairment (9.5/100 VAS) was less severe than smell (32.9/100 VAS) or taste (20.6/100 VAS) deficits.
  • Psychophysical testing revealed trigeminal dysfunction in 35.7% of participants, olfactory dysfunction in 57.1%, and taste dysfunction in 28.6%.
  • Hypercholesterolemia was significantly associated with poorer trigeminal psychophysical performance (p=0.008).

Conclusions:

  • Nearly one-third of older adults exhibit psychophysically confirmed intranasal trigeminal impairment, which is frequently under-recognized.
  • Hyperlipidemia may be associated with trigeminal nerve impairment.
  • Further research with larger, prospective cohorts is needed to validate these findings.