Phosphofructokinase-1 in Cancer: A Promising Target for Diagnosis and Therapy

Tumor cells have distorted enzymatic houses, which change the metabolic state from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis with high lactate levels in a hypoxic environment. Redrafting the metabolic profile is an emerging hallmark of cancer. Glycolytic enzyme amplification occurs in about 70% of all malignancies. Current studies have found that PFK-1 overexpression is linked to cell migration, proliferation, and Overall Survival (OS) rate in various human cancer cell lines. This review intended to uncover the bona fide therapeutic target for cancer therapy and elucidate the role of PFK-1 in cancer. Furthermore, this review has outlined the listed pharmacological and genetic inhibitors of PFK-1. Following this review, future studies on PFK-1 should emphasize the molecular pathways implicated in PFK-1 overexpression in cancer development. The terms "PFK-1", "PFKP-1", "PFKL-1", "PFKM-1", "PFKM-1 and cancer", "PFKP-1 and cancer", "PFKL-1 and cancer", and "inhibitors of PFK-1" were used to retrieve the information from a variety of databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect. In a variety of malignancies, inhibiting the expression of PFK-1 isoforms has been reported to be the most effective therapeutic method. Overexpression of PFK-1 isoforms induces the Warburg effect, cell proliferation, and carcinogenesis by downregulating apoptotic proteins, such as active caspase-3, caspase-9, and caspase-8. YY1, synoviolin, Sh-RNA-507, SNAI, miR-520a/b/e, miR-128, and β-miR-6517 are some of the putative genetic inhibitors against PFK-1 that have been used to manage the development of malignancies. Pharmacological inhibitors, such as penfluridol, synoviolin/HRD1, quercetin, ginsenoside 20(S)-Rg3, triptolide, worenine, acetylsalicylic acid, and salicylic acid, can regulate the advancement of malignancies by inhibiting PFK-1. Thus, PFK-1 is a promising molecular biomarker for cancer treatment. A prospective investigation can validate the unbiased approaches for discovering brandnew PFK-1 inhibitors for cancer treatment.