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Related Concept Videos

Pain01:20

Pain

471
Pain serves as a critical warning signal that alerts the body to potential or actual harm. When mechanical pressure on the skin is intense, such as from a sharp pinch, the sensation transitions from touch to pain. Similarly, extreme temperatures, like a hot pot handle, convert the sensation of heat into pain. Pain can also result from overstimulation of other senses, such as blinding light, loud noise, or the intense heat from habañero peppers. This ability to sense pain is essential for...
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Analgesia and Pain Management01:25

Analgesia and Pain Management

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Pain is critical to various clinical pathologies, provoking an urgent need for effective management. Pain, whether acute or chronic, is a complex neurochemical process. Its alleviation depends on the type, with nonopioid analgesics effective for mild to moderate pain, such as musculoskeletal or inflammatory pain, while neuropathic pain responds best to anticonvulsants, tricyclic antidepressants, or serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors. For severe acute or chronic pain, opioids may be...
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Nociception01:44

Nociception

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Nociception—the ability to feel pain—is essential for an organism’s survival and overall well-being. Noxious stimuli such as piercing pain from a sharp object, heat from an open flame, or contact with corrosive chemicals are first detected by sensory receptors, called nociceptors, located on nerve endings. Nociceptors express ion channels that convert noxious stimuli into electrical signals. When these signals reach the brain via sensory neurons, they are perceived as pain.
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Blood and Nerve Supply to the Bones01:29

Blood and Nerve Supply to the Bones

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Bones are dynamic organs that require a rich supply of oxygen and nutrients. Around 5% to 10% of the cardiac output supplies blood to the bones. A typical long bone has three main sources: the nutrient artery, the metaphyseal and epiphyseal arteries, and the periosteal arteries.
Nutrient Artery
The nutrient artery is the main blood vessel that enters the diaphysis via the nutrient foramen. While most long bones have only one nutrient foramen, large bones, such as the femur, may have two. This...
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Mechanically-gated Ion Channels01:12

Mechanically-gated Ion Channels

6.3K
Mechanically-gated ion channels are proteins found in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell membranes that open in response to mechanical stress. Tension, compression, swelling, and shear stress can alter the conformation of the protein, opening a transmembrane channel that allows the passage of ions for signal transmission. In eukaryotes, mechanically-gated channels are distributed in several regions like the neurons, lungs, skin, bladder, and heart, where they play critical roles in numerous...
6.3K
Non-gated Ion Channels01:24

Non-gated Ion Channels

6.7K
Ion channels are specialized proteins on the plasma membrane that allow charged ions to pass down their electrochemical gradient. Their main function is to maintain the membrane potential which is critical for cell viability. These channels are either gated or non-gated and can transport more than a thousand ions within milliseconds for the cellular event to occur.
Compared to the gated ion channels, the non-gated channels, also known as leakage or passive channels, have no gating mechanism....
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 15, 2025

Chronic Post-Ischemia Pain Model for Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Type-I in Rats
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Chronic Post-Ischemia Pain Model for Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Type-I in Rats

Published on: January 21, 2020

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Human pain channelopathies.

Maddalena Comini1, Andreas C Themistocleous1, David L H Bennett1

  • 1Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.

Handbook of Clinical Neurology
|August 22, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mutations in ion channels, like voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs), cause inherited pain disorders. Understanding these pain channelopathies offers new targets for pain relief and personalized treatment strategies.

Keywords:
ChannelopathiesCongenital insensitivity to painElectrophysiologyErythromelalgiaFamilial episodic pain syndromeIon channelsNociceptorsPainSmall-fiber neuropathy

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Nociceptors transmit pain signals via ion channels.
  • Mutations in these ion channels are linked to human pain disorders.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the role of ion channels in pain transduction and transmission.
  • To investigate the link between ion channel mutations and inherited pain conditions.
  • To identify potential therapeutic targets for pain management.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of molecular mechanisms of nociception.
  • Genetic studies linking ion channel variants to pain phenotypes.
  • Biophysical characterization of mutated ion channels.

Main Results:

  • Loss-of-function mutations in NaV1.7 cause inability to feel pain; gain-of-function mutations cause neuropathic pain.
  • Variants in VGSCs 1.8 and 1.9 are also associated with pain disorders.
  • A mutation in TRPA1 causes a familial episodic pain disorder.
  • Ion channel variants contribute to common neuropathic pain, like diabetic neuropathy.

Conclusions:

  • Ion channels are critical for pain signaling and represent key targets for analgesic development.
  • Genotype-based stratification may enhance the efficacy of existing pain medications.