Non-thermal plasma-catalytic processes for CO₂ conversion toward circular economy: fundamentals, current status, and...

Practical and energy-efficient carbon dioxide (CO₂) conversion to value-added and fuel-graded products and transitioning from fossil fuels are promising ways to cope with climate change and to enable the circular economy. The carbon circular economy aims to capture, utilize, and minimize CO₂ emissions as much as possible. To cope with the thermodynamic stability and highly endothermic nature of CO₂ conversion via conventional thermochemical process, the potential application of non-thermal plasma (NTP) with the catalyst, i.e., the hybrid plasma catalysis process to achieve the synergistic effects, in most cases, seems to promise alternatives under non-equilibrium conditions. This review focuses on the NTP fundamentals and comparison with conventional technologies. A critical review has been conducted on the CO₂ reduction with water (H₂O), methane (CH₄) reduction with CO₂ to syngas (CO + H₂), CO₂ dissociation to carbon monoxide (CO), CO₂ hydrogenation, CO₂ conversion to organic acids, and one-step CO₂-CH₄ reforming to the liquid chemicals. Finally, future challenges are discussed comprehensively, indicating that plasma catalysis has immense investigative areas.