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Related Concept Videos

Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways01:22

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At the molecular level, visual signals trigger transformations in photopigment molecules, resulting in changes in the photoreceptor cell's membrane potential. The photon's energy level is denoted by its wavelength, with each specific wavelength of visible light associated with a distinct color. The spectral range of visible light, classified as electromagnetic radiation, spans from 380 to 720 nm. Electromagnetic radiation wavelengths exceeding 720 nm fall under the infrared category,...
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Most organisms use photoreceptors to sense and respond to light. Examples of photoreceptors include bacteriorhodopsins and bacteriophytochromes in some bacteria, phytochromes in plants, and rhodopsins in the photoreceptor cells of the vertebral retina. The light-sensitive property of these receptors is because of the bound chromophores, such as bilin in the phytochromes and retinal in the rhodopsins.
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Updated: Jun 15, 2025

A Rhodopsin Transport Assay by High-Content Imaging Analysis
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Ectopically expressed rhodopsin is not sensitive to X-rays.

Kelli Cannon1, Aundrea Bartley2, Lynn Dobrunz2

  • 1Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA. kelli.e.cannon@dartmouth.edu.

BMC Neuroscience
|August 23, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Human rhodopsin (hRho) does not perceive X-rays when expressed outside the eye. This finding suggests X-rays cannot be used for a novel, less invasive form of optogenetics called X-genetics.

Keywords:
Noninvasive neuromodulationOptogeneticsRhodopsinX-geneticsX-rays

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Biophysics
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Visual perception of X-rays is poorly understood, with some evidence suggesting non-rhodopsin mechanisms.
  • Rhodopsin's potential role as an X-ray receptor could enable X-genetics, a novel neuromodulation technique.
  • X-genetics aims to transduce transcranial X-ray signals to control genetically targeted neurons.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if human rhodopsin (hRho) can transduce X-ray signals when expressed outside the retina.
  • To determine the feasibility of using hRho for X-genetics.

Main Methods:

  • A live-cell cAMP GloSensor luminescence assay was used.
  • HEK293 cells expressing hRho were stimulated with visible light and X-rays.
  • Changes in intracellular cAMP levels were measured as an indicator of receptor activation.

Main Results:

  • hRho-expressing cells showed no decrease in cAMP luminescence in response to X-ray stimulation.
  • Cells responded robustly to visible light, confirming functional hRho expression.
  • X-ray irradiation did not affect subsequent visible light-induced responses.

Conclusions:

  • Ectopically expressed rhodopsin does not function as an X-ray receptor.
  • Rhodopsin cannot transduce transcranial X-ray signals for X-ray mediated neuromodulation.
  • The proposed X-genetics approach using rhodopsin is not feasible based on these findings.