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Oxidation-Induced Oxide Shell Rupture and Phase Separation in Eutectic Gallium-Indium Nanoparticles.

Shuonan Ye¹, Xiaobo Chen¹, Xianhu Sun¹

¹Department of Mechanical Engineering & Materials Science and Engineering Program, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, New York 13902, United States.

|August 27, 2024

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Oxidation of eutectic gallium-indium (EGaIn) nanoparticles causes shell rupture, leading to self-similar replication and pulverization. This reveals new pathways for reconfiguring liquid metal nanoparticles.

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Nanotechnology
Surface Chemistry

Background:

Eutectic gallium-indium (EGaIn) is a liquid metal with applications in soft electronics, energy, and drug delivery.
A native oxide shell forms on EGaIn, influencing its properties and applications.
Understanding EGaIn oxidation is crucial for controlling its behavior and applications.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the in situ oxidation mechanisms of EGaIn nanoparticles under electron beam irradiation.
To elucidate the role of the oxide shell in the structural evolution of EGaIn nanoparticles.
To explore the implications of oxidation-induced reconfiguration for EGaIn applications.

Main Methods:

Environmental scanning transmission electron microscopy (ES-STEM) for in situ observation.

Keywords:

Eutectic Gallium−Indium Nanoparticle In Situ TEM Oxidation Phase Separation Rupture Self-Similar Replication

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High-energy electron beam irradiation to induce oxidation.

Analysis of oxide shell growth, stress dynamics, and liquid metal core behavior.

Main Results:

Uneven oxide shell growth leads to unbalanced stresses and shell rupture.
Shell rupture allows liquid metal core extrusion, initiating self-similar replication and particle breakdown.
Internal oxidation induces phase separation and pulverization of the liquid metal into indium-rich solid particles.

Conclusions:

Oxidation of EGaIn nanoparticles is a dynamic process involving shell rupture and self-replication.
Mechanistic insights into EGaIn oxidation enable controlled reconfiguration of nanoparticles.
This study provides a foundation for advanced applications of liquid metals in nanotechnology and materials science.