ROS Chronicles in HIV Infection: Genesis of Oxidative Stress, Associated Pathologies, and Therapeutic Strategies

Area of Science:

• Biochemistry
• Immunology
• Virology

Background:

• Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are crucial signaling molecules, but excess ROS cause oxidative stress (OS).
• OS is increasingly implicated in HIV pathogenesis and associated comorbidities.
• ROS have dual roles in HIV infection, potentially triggering antiviral responses or promoting viral replication.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review mechanisms of OS generation in HIV infection.
• To explore the roles of viral proteins and antiretroviral therapy (ART) in HIV-associated OS.
• To discuss the implications of OS in HIV comorbidities and potential antioxidant interventions.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of studies on ROS, OS, and HIV.
• Analysis of viral protein contributions to ROS production.
• Examination of ART-induced OS and its pathological consequences.

Main Results:

• HIV infection, particularly through viral protein Tat and other viral proteins, significantly increases endogenous ROS production.
• ART can also contribute to OS, exacerbating pathologies in HIV-infected individuals.
• HIV patients exhibit compromised antioxidant defense systems.

Conclusions:

• OS is a key factor in HIV pathogenesis, comorbidities, and ART toxicity.
• Antioxidant therapy is a potential intervention strategy.
• Further research is needed to develop strategies mitigating ART-induced OS.