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Viruses are extraordinarily diverse in shape and size, but they all have several structural features in common. All viruses have a core that contains a DNA- or RNA-based genome. The core is surrounded by a protective coat of proteins called the capsid. The capsid is composed of subunits called capsomeres. The capsid and genome-containing core are together known as the nucleocapsid.
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The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 15, 2025

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Enhancing NA immunogenicity through novel VLP designs.

Leticia Guzman Ruiz1, Alexander M Zollner2, Irene Hoxie3

  • 1University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology (IMBT), Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria; University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Bioprocess Science and Engineering (IBSE), Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria.

Vaccine
|August 28, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Next-generation influenza vaccines can be improved by enhancing neuraminidase (NA) immunogenicity. Modifying the hemagglutinin (HA):NA ratio and extending the NA stalk on virus-like particles (VLPs) successfully elicited NA-reactive antibodies.

Keywords:
Gag-basedInfluenzaNeuraminidasePurification platformUnadjuvantedVaccine candidateVirus-like particle

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Immunology
  • Vaccine Development

Background:

  • Current influenza vaccines primarily induce hemagglutinin (HA)-reactive antibodies, with limited efficacy against neuraminidase (NA) epitopes.
  • Next-generation vaccines require optimization to activate NA-reactive B cells for broader protection.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To enhance the immunogenicity of the NA component in influenza vaccines.
  • To investigate strategies for improving NA-reactive antibody induction while maintaining HA immunogenicity.

Main Methods:

  • H1N1 virus-like particles (VLPs) were engineered using baculovirus expression systems.
  • Strategies included altering the HA:NA ratio and extending the NA stalk (NA-LS) by incorporating specific amino acids.
  • VLPs were purified and tested in a mouse model for immunogenicity.

Main Results:

  • Modified VLPs achieved HA:NA ratios of 1:1 to 2:1, increasing NA content compared to wild-type influenza virus.
  • Vaccination with H1N1 VLPs elicited robust NA-inhibitory antibody titers, even at low doses.
  • Anti-HA responses were not compromised by the modifications.

Conclusions:

  • The developed strategies are feasible for enhancing NA immunogenicity in influenza vaccine candidates.
  • These modifications show potential for creating next-generation influenza vaccines with improved and broader protective capabilities.