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Related Concept Videos

Blood Transfusion and Agglutination02:45

Blood Transfusion and Agglutination

Blood transfusion is a therapeutic measure to restore the blood volume after extensive blood loss due to an accident or a medical procedure. Blood transfusion involves drawing a certain amount of blood from a suitable donor and infusing it into the recipient.
History
The history of blood transfusion dates back to the 17th century, when early attempts were made in animals. In 1818 James Blundell, a British doctor, performed the first successful human blood transfusion. Later in 1900, Karl...
Blood Transfusion01:15

Blood Transfusion

Blood transfusion is a critical medical procedure that saves lives and treats various medical conditions. It involves transferring blood from a donor to a recipient. This process requires a thorough understanding of the ABO blood group system and its associated antigens and antibodies.
Blood Transfusion Overview
A blood transfusion is a medical procedure used to replace blood lost due to injury, surgery, or to treat conditions such as anemia or cancer. During a transfusion, donor blood is...
Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Pathophysiologic Assessment and Liver Function Test01:22

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Pathophysiologic Assessment and Liver Function Test

In clinical practice, the direct measurement of hepatic blood flow to evaluate liver function presents significant challenges due to the intricate and specialized nature of the necessary techniques. Consequently, healthcare professionals often rely on empirical estimates derived from thorough patient examinations and liver function tests to gauge liver health. Among the tools at their disposal, the Child–Pugh and MELD scoring systems stand out for their ability to categorize and assess the...
Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver. The...
Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction01:28

Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction

Viral hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver caused by infection with hepatotropic viruses, most commonly hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Despite variations in structure and transmission, all viruses mentioned infect hepatocytes and provoke immune responses that can hinder liver function. Additionally, some non-hepatotropic viruses can also lead to hepatic inflammation.Hepatitis A VirusHepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted through the fecal–oral route, typically by ingestion of food...
Cirrhosis I: Introduction01:23

Cirrhosis I: Introduction

Cirrhosis is a chronic, irreversible liver disease characterized by the widespread replacement of healthy liver tissue with fibrotic scar tissue and the formation of regenerative nodules.Etiology of cirrhosisCirrhosis results from sustained liver injury that triggers progressive fibrosis and structural remodeling. The underlying causes are diverse, encompassing common and less frequent clinical conditions. Regardless of the origin, all causes lead to chronic inflammation, hepatocyte loss, and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Technique of Porcine Liver Procurement and Orthotopic Transplantation using an Active Porto-Caval Shunt
12:27

Technique of Porcine Liver Procurement and Orthotopic Transplantation using an Active Porto-Caval Shunt

Published on: May 7, 2015

Non-A, non-B posttransfusion hepatitis--a decade later.

R L Koretz, O Stone, M Mousa

    Gastroenterology
    |May 1, 1985
    PubMed
    Summary

    Most patients developing non-A, non-B posttransfusion hepatitis experienced chronic liver disease, but remained asymptomatic. A policy change to volunteer donors may have reduced chronic hepatitis incidence.

    Area of Science:

    • Hepatology
    • Virology
    • Transfusion Medicine

    Background:

    • Non-A, non-B posttransfusion hepatitis was a significant concern prior to the identification of hepatitis C virus.
    • Long-term outcomes for patients with non-A, non-B posttransfusion hepatitis were not well-characterized.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the long-term sequelae of non-A, non-B posttransfusion hepatitis.
    • To assess the clinical and biochemical progression of chronic hepatitis following transfusion-associated non-A, non-B hepatitis.

    Main Methods:

    • Follow-up of 69 patients diagnosed with non-A, non-B posttransfusion hepatitis between 1972-1978.
    • Biochemical monitoring of liver enzymes (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase) and histologic evaluation for cirrhosis and hepatic failure.

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    Analysis of HBV-Specific CD4 T-cell Responses and Identification of HLA-DR-Restricted CD4 T-Cell Epitopes Based on a Peptide Matrix
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    Main Results:

    • Chronic hepatitis developed in 67% of patients, with most failing to resolve biochemical abnormalities.
    • The incidence of chronic hepatitis appeared lower after a policy shift to volunteer blood donors.
    • Despite biochemical evidence of chronic liver disease, most patients remained asymptomatic; cirrhosis and hepatic failure were rare.

    Conclusions:

    • Non-A, non-B posttransfusion hepatitis frequently leads to chronic liver disease, often without symptoms.
    • The transition to volunteer blood donors may have decreased the risk of posttransfusion chronic hepatitis.
    • Long-term clinical outcomes for non-A, non-B posttransfusion hepatitis are generally favorable, despite biochemical evidence of disease.