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Primary Production01:06

Primary Production

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The total amount of energy acquired by primary producers in an ecosystem is called gross primary production (GPP). However, of this energy, producers use some for metabolic processes, and some is lost as heat, decreasing the amount of energy available to the next trophic level. The remaining usable amount of energy is called the net primary productivity (NPP). In terrestrial ecosystems, NPP is driven by climate, while light penetration and nutrient availability drive NPP in aquatic ecosystems.
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What is an Ecosystem?01:17

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What is Biodiversity?01:19

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Biodiversity describes the variety of living things at multiple organizational levels: genetic, species and ecosystem diversity. Species diversity includes all branches of the evolutionary tree from single-celled prokaryotic organisms, bacteria, and archaea, to the eukaryotic kingdoms: plants; animals; fungi; and protists. To date, there have been about 1.75 million species identified, and new species are discovered every week.
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Water plays a significant role in the life cycle of plants. However, insufficient or excess of water can be detrimental and pose a serious threat to plants.
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Trophic Efficiency00:46

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Trophic level transfer efficiency (TLTE) is a measure of the total energy transfer from one trophic level to the next. Due to extensive energy loss as metabolic heat, an average of only 10% of the original energy obtained is passed on to the next level. This pattern of energy loss severely limits the possible number of trophic levels in a food chain.
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Production Efficiency01:01

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Net production efficiency (NPE) is the efficiency at which organisms assimilate energy into biomass for the next trophic level. Due to low metabolic rates and less energy spent on thermoregulatory processes, the NPE of ectotherms (cold-blooded animals) is 10 times higher than endotherms (warm-blooded animals).
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 14, 2025

A Low-Cost Method of Measuring the In Situ Primary Productivity of Periphyton Communities of Lentic Waters
06:02

A Low-Cost Method of Measuring the In Situ Primary Productivity of Periphyton Communities of Lentic Waters

Published on: December 16, 2022

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Species Richness Net Primary Productivity and the Water Balance Problem.

Allen G Hunt1, Muhammad Sahimi2, Erica A Newman3

  • 1Department of Physics, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA.

Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)
|August 29, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Species energy theory links plant species richness to Net Primary Productivity (NPP). A new model predicts species richness based on precipitation and potential evapotranspiration, improving ecological understanding.

Keywords:
ecologynet primary productivitypercolation theoryspecies energy theory

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Area of Science:

  • Ecology
  • Biogeography
  • Ecosystem Science

Background:

  • Species energy theory posits a link between total individuals (N) and species richness (S), often related to Net Primary Productivity (NPP).
  • Previous studies confirm a correlation between species richness and NPP, but other factors like topography and competition also influence this relationship.
  • A simplified model for NPP based on climate variables (precipitation and potential evapotranspiration) is lacking, hindering accurate predictions of species richness.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a predictive model for plant species richness (S) based on climate variables.
  • To integrate a new NPP model, derived from percolation theory and ecological optimality, with species energy theory.
  • To assess the predictability of species richness using climate-driven NPP.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a recently derived expression for Net Primary Productivity (NPP) as a function of precipitation (P) and potential evapotranspiration (PET).
  • Applied the principle of species energy theory, assuming species richness (S) is proportional to NPP.
  • Validated the model's predictions against empirical data, acknowledging potential influences of non-climatic factors.

Main Results:

  • The integrated model successfully predicts plant species richness (S) as a function of precipitation (P) and potential evapotranspiration (PET).
  • The derived NPP model, when combined with species energy theory, offers a more generalizable approach to predicting species richness.
  • Model predictions align with observed species richness, with deviations attributable to non-climatic influences.

Conclusions:

  • A climate-driven model for NPP enhances the predictive power of species energy theory for species richness.
  • Understanding NPP(P, PET) allows for more accurate inference of deviations from species energy predictions.
  • This approach offers a more generalizable framework for predicting species richness across diverse ecosystems.