Elucidating Scarab Divergence in an Evolutionary-Ecological Context through the Comprehensive Analysis of the...

Anomala Samouelle, 1819 is one of the specious genera of Coleoptera, with over 1000 known species, and includes some of the most destructive pests of crops or forests. Morphological convergence is a common phenomenon within this genus, making the identification of closely related species very difficult. To explore the phylogenetic placement of Anomalini and provide a basis for the classification and identification of Anomala, we comparatively analyzed the complete mitogenome of three Anomala species (A. exoleta, A. perplexa diana, and A. praecoxalis). Based on all accessible mitogenome data, we performed comparative mitochondrial genomics analysis of this genus and reconstructed the phylogenetic relationships of Scarabaeidae based on two datasets (protein-coding genes and amino acids) and two methods (Bayesian approach and maximum likelihood). The phylogenetic relationships found in this study highly support that the groups of Aphodiinae, Cetoniinae, Dynastinae, Rutelinae and Scarabaeinae are monophyletic. Interestingly, the phylogenetic clustering relationship was highly consistent with the Scarabaeidae diet, indicating that the herbivorous species and dung-eating species are clustered separately. The phylogenetic tree showed that the subfamily Melolonthinae and the genus Anomala are not monophyletic, suggesting that these two groups should be further revised with more data.