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Prototyping a Secure and Usable User Authentication Mechanism for Mobile Passenger ID Devices for Land/Sea Border

Maria Papaioannou^1,2, Georgios Zachos^1,2, Georgios Mantas^1,2

¹Instituto de Telecomunicações, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)

|August 29, 2024

Summary

Implementing adaptive user authentication on mobile devices enhances security for European Union (EU) border control. Bayesian_GaussianMixtureModel (B_GMM) offers superior performance for risk estimation in passenger identification systems.

Keywords:

adaptive user authentication mobile passenger ID devices novelty detection outlier detection prototype development risk estimation risk-based user authentication

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Area of Science:

Computer Science
Cybersecurity
Border Security

Background:

Increasing EU visitor numbers necessitate advanced border control solutions.
Mobile devices for passenger identification handle sensitive data, posing security risks.
Current authentication methods may hinder border control efficiency.

Purpose of the Study:

To propose a risk-based adaptive user authentication mechanism for mobile border control devices.
To enhance device security without compromising passenger and officer convenience.
To evaluate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed mechanism.

Main Methods:

Assessed novelty and outlier detection algorithms for risk estimation.
Identified OneClassSVM, Local Outlier Factor (LOF), and Bayesian_GaussianMixtureModel (B_GMM) as top performers.
Developed and deployed the mechanism on a Raspberry Pi 4 device.

Main Results:

B_GMM demonstrated superior detection performance on the Raspberry Pi 4.
The proposed mechanism showed efficient operation with minimal latency.
OneClassSVM, LOF, and B_GMM were effective for risk estimation.

Conclusions:

The risk-based adaptive authentication mechanism enhances mobile border control security.
B_GMM is a highly effective algorithm for real-time risk estimation in this context.
The system provides a balance between robust security and operational efficiency.