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Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella01:16

Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella

The femur is the body's longest and strongest bone spanning the thigh region. Its head articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone to form the hip joint. A minor indentation on the medial side of the femoral head, called the fovea capitis, serves as the site of attachment for the ligament of the head of the femur. This weak ligament spans the femur and acetabulum and supports the hip joint. The narrowed region below the head is the neck of the femur. The inclination angle between the neck...
Bones of the Lower Limb: Tibia and Fibula01:10

Bones of the Lower Limb: Tibia and Fibula

The tibia is the main weight-bearing bone of the lower leg. It is larger than the fibula with which it is paired. The tibia is also the second longest bone in the body and is located right below the skin. The proximal end of the tibia forms the medial and the lateral condyle, which articulates with the condyles of the femur to form the knee joint. Between the articulating surfaces is the irregular elevated area known as the intercondylar eminence that serves as the inferior attachment point for...
Functional Classification of Joints01:09

Functional Classification of Joints

Functional Classification of Joints
The functional classification of joints is determined by the amount of mobility between the adjacent bones. Joints are functionally classified as a synarthrosis or immobile joint, an amphiarthrosis or slightly moveable joint, or as a diarthrosis, a freely moveable joint. Fibrous and cartilaginous joints can be functionally classified as either synarthroses  or amphiarthroses, whereas all synovial joints are classified as diarthroses.
Synarthrosis
An immobile...
Knee Joint01:23

Knee Joint

The knee joint is the most complicated joint in the body. It consists of three articulations– two tibiofemoral and one patellofemoral. As is characteristic of synovial joints, the knee joint has a thin articular capsule that partially surrounds this joint cavity. Additionally, several ligaments, muscles, and cartilaginous structures support the movement of the knee.
A total of seven ligaments support the knee joint. The patellar ligament, which is also attached to the quadriceps femoris group...
Ankle Joint01:10

Ankle Joint

The ankle is formed by the talocrural joint (crural = leg). It consists of the articulations between the talus bone of the foot and the distal ends of the tibia and fibula of the leg. The superior aspect of the talus bone is square-shaped and has three areas of articulation. The top of the talus articulates with the inferior tibia. This is the portion of the ankle joint that carries the body weight between the leg and foot. The sides of the talus are firmly held in position by the articulations...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 20, 2026

Knee Arthrocentesis in Adults
04:41

Knee Arthrocentesis in Adults

Published on: February 25, 2022

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Mapping the Research Landscape of Intra-Articular Knee Injections: A Bibliometric Analysis Using the Scopus Database.

Abdullah Aqeel Musa1, Chooi Leng Low2, Khairul Nizam Siron3

  • 1Orthopaedics and Trauma, Tengku Ampuan Rahimah Hospital, Klang, MYS.

Cureus
|August 29, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Intraarticular injections for knee osteoarthritis have shifted from corticosteroids to biological agents like PRP and stem cells since 2010. This trend highlights growing interest in regenerative medicine for knee pain management.

Keywords:
bibliometric analyisintra articular injectionknee injury and osteoarthritis outcome scoreknee osteoarthritis/ koaosteoarthritis (oa)review article

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Author Spotlight: Fu's Subcutaneous Needling for Knee Osteoarthritis Pain
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Last Updated: Jul 20, 2026

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Micro-Computed Tomography Analysis of the Knee in Aged Dunkin-Hartley Guinea Pigs after Intra Articular Injection

Published on: August 2, 2024

294

Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics
  • Regenerative Medicine
  • Bibliometrics

Background:

  • Intraarticular injections are a key treatment for knee osteoarthritis pain, aiming to delay surgery.
  • Current options range from corticosteroids and hyaluronic acid to newer autologous biological materials.
  • A comprehensive bibliometric analysis of this evolving field was lacking.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To conduct a bibliometric analysis of intraarticular injections for knee osteoarthritis using Scopus data (2003-2023).
  • To identify trends in publication topics, research origins, and citation impact.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of the Scopus database from 2003 to 2023.
  • Inclusion of 1,318 articles on intraarticular injections for knee osteoarthritis.
  • Analysis of publication trends, authorship, and citation patterns.

Main Results:

  • Publication trends shifted around 2006, moving from corticosteroid and hyaluronic acid focus to biological agents (PRP, stem cells) after 2010.
  • European countries, the USA, and Australia are leading regions in publications and citations.
  • A significant increase in research on regenerative medicine approaches is evident.

Conclusions:

  • The field of intraarticular knee osteoarthritis injections shows a clear trend towards regenerative medicine and biological agents.
  • This analysis provides a roadmap for future research, clinical practice, and policy in knee osteoarthritis management.
  • Further studies are needed to advance treatment options using these newer therapies.