Stress and Microglia: A Double-edged Relationship
Jean-Christophe Delpech1, Martin Valdearcos2, Agnès Nadjar3,4
1Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro, Bordeaux, France.
Abstract:
Microglia are highly dynamic cells and acquire different activation states to modulate their multiple functions, which are tightly regulated by the central nervous system microenvironment in which they reside. In response to stress, that is to the appearance of non-physiological signals in their vicinity, microglia will adapt their function in order to promote a return to brain homeostasis. However, when these stress signals are chronically present, microglial response may not be adapted and lead to the establishment of a pathological state. The aim of this book chapter is to examine the substantial literature around the ability of acute and chronic stressors to affect microglial structure and function, with a special focus on psychosocial and nutritional stresses. We also discuss the molecular mechanisms known to date that explain the link between exposure to stressors and microglial activation.
Insights
Microglia, the brain
Area of Science:
- Neuroscience
- Immunology
- Cell Biology
Background:
- Microglia are dynamic immune cells within the central nervous system.
- Their function is regulated by the brain microenvironment and stress signals.
- Dysfunctional microglial responses to chronic stress can lead to pathological states.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review the literature on how acute and chronic stressors impact microglial structure and function.
- To focus specifically on psychosocial and nutritional stressors.
- To explore the molecular mechanisms linking stress exposure to microglial activation.
Main Methods:
- Literature review and synthesis.
- Analysis of studies investigating microglial responses to various stressors.
- Examination of molecular pathways involved in stress-induced microglial activation.
Main Results:
- Both acute and chronic stressors can alter microglial structure and function.
- Psychosocial and nutritional stresses significantly influence microglial states.
- Specific molecular mechanisms mediate the effects of stress on microglia.
Conclusions:
- Microglial adaptation to stress is crucial for brain homeostasis.
- Chronic stress can lead to maladaptive microglial responses and disease.
- Understanding these mechanisms is key for developing therapeutic strategies.
