Emerging indications for third space endoscopy

This chapter will explore the recent advancements and innovations in the field of third space endoscopy. The traditional principles of per-oral endoscopic myotomy and endoscopic submucosal dissection have been applied to offer solutions to traditionally difficult to manage problems including esophageal diverticula, post-fundoplication dysphagia, post-sleeve gastrectomy stricture, bariatric procedure and Hirschsprung disease. Typically, these problems were managed surgically with potentially high rates of morbidity and mortality; however, the principles of third space endoscopy offer a safer and less invasive option for management. All of these applications of third space endoscopy are less than a decade old with some emerging in the last 1-2 years. In this chapter, we will explore the pathophysiology of these diseases and how third space endoscopy can offer a solution. We will also review the relevant literature along with the safety and effectiveness of the proposed innovations.