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Related Concept Videos

The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...

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The Genetics of Familial Neoplastic Thyroid Disease and Primary Hyperparathyroidism.

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Comparative safety of completion thyroidectomy following lobectomy versus total thyroidectomy in differentiated thyroid cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 17, 2026

Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Visualization in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Thyroid Cancer
03:55

Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Visualization in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Thyroid Cancer

Published on: June 9, 2023

495

Primary thyroid lymphoma: A multi-center retrospective review.

Marie W Su1, Tim N Beck2, Jill Knepprath3

  • 1Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 9501 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA; Department of Surgery, MetroHealth Medical Center, 2500 MetroHealth Dr, Cleveland, OH, 44109, USA.

American Journal of Surgery
|August 30, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Diagnosing primary thyroid lymphoma (PTL) is difficult, with most cases identified post-surgery. Earlier diagnosis through methods like needle biopsy could improve patient outcomes for this rare condition.

Keywords:
Diffuse large B-cell lymphomaFine needle aspiration biopsyMALT lymphomaNon-Hodgkin's lymphomaPrimary thyroid lymphoma

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Transoral Endoscopic Thyroidectomy Vestibular Approach for Thyroid Lobectomy
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Transoral Robotic Total Thyroidectomy and Bilateral Central Regional Lymph Node Dissection for Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Endocrinology
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Primary thyroid lymphoma (PTL) is a rare malignancy.
  • Diagnosis of PTL presents significant challenges in clinical practice.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate diagnostic methods, treatment strategies, and patient outcomes for primary thyroid lymphoma.
  • To evaluate the effectiveness of different diagnostic approaches for PTL.

Main Methods:

  • A multicenter retrospective study was conducted from 1990 to 2023.
  • Data from 31 patients with PTL were analyzed regarding diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes.

Main Results:

  • Thyroid enlargement was universal; compressive symptoms occurred in 68%.
  • Diagnosis was confirmed via thyroidectomy specimens in 58% and biopsies in 42%.
  • Chemotherapy was the primary treatment (61%), with a 13% mortality rate and 3% recurrence.

Conclusions:

  • Preoperative diagnosis of PTL was achieved in only 13% of cases.
  • Needle biopsy may offer an opportunity for earlier PTL diagnosis and timely treatment initiation.