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Updated: Jun 14, 2025

The c-FOS Protein Immunohistological Detection: A Useful Tool As a Marker of Central Pathways Involved in Specific Physiological Responses In Vivo and Ex Vivo

The c-FOS Protein Immunohistological Detection: A Useful Tool As a Marker of Central Pathways Involved in Specific Physiological Responses In Vivo and Ex Vivo

Published on: April 25, 2016

Defensive behaviors and c-fos expression in the midbrain.

Ersin Yavas¹, Michael S Fanselow^2,3

¹Department of Psychology, Bartın University, Bartın, Turkey.

Integrative Zoology

|September 1, 2024

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

White noise can trigger defensive responses, even without direct training. This study found that animals exposed to shock alone showed similar freezing and activity bursts to white noise as those trained with white noise and shock.

Keywords:

fear learning immediate early gene expression panic periaqueductal gray species‐specific defensive reactions white noise stimulation

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Published on: June 20, 2012

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Behavioral Science

Background:

Pavlovian fear conditioning is a key model for studying defensive behaviors.
White noise can elicit both learned and unlearned defensive reactions.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the effects of white noise on defensive responses under varied training conditions.
To compare fear conditioning responses to white noise after shock-only, shock-paired white noise, and context-only training.

Main Methods:

Three experimental groups: shock-only, white noise paired with shock, and context-only.
Assessment of freezing and activity bursts in response to white noise.
Analysis of c-fos expression in the periaqueductal gray (PAG).

Main Results:

Both shock-only and shock-paired white noise groups exhibited significantly more freezing than the context-only group.
White noise elicited greater freezing in the shock-only group compared to the context-only group, despite no prior noise exposure.
Similar activity bursts and c-fos expression in the PAG were observed in the shock-only and shock-paired white noise groups.

Conclusions:

White noise can induce fear responses and associated neural activity even without direct association during training.
The study highlights the complex interplay between different defensive reactions and neural activation in the PAG.
Further research is needed to clarify the specific drivers of c-fos activation in relation to species-specific defensive reactions (SSDRs).