Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation02:17

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

3.3K
Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...
3.3K
Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkenes03:08

Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkenes

8.0K
In addition to the oxymercuration–demercuration method, which converts the alkenes to alcohols with Markovnikov orientation, a complementary hydroboration-oxidation method yields the anti-Markovnikov product. The hydroboration reaction, discovered in 1959 by H.C. Brown, involves the addition of a B–H bond of borane to an alkene giving an organoborane intermediate. The oxidation of this intermediate with basic hydrogen peroxide forms an alcohol.
8.0K
Alkylation of β-Ketoester Enolates: Acetoacetic Ester Synthesis01:07

Alkylation of β-Ketoester Enolates: Acetoacetic Ester Synthesis

3.3K
Acetoacetic ester synthesis is a method to obtain ketones from alkyl halides and β-keto esters. The reaction occurs in the presence of an alkoxide base that abstracts the acidic proton of the β-keto esters. The step results in an enolate ion which is doubly stabilized. The enolate then reacts with an alkyl halide via the SN2 process to produce an alkylated ester intermediate with a new C–C bond. The hydrolysis of the intermediate, followed by acidification, results in an...
3.3K
The Citric Acid Cycle: Overview01:37

The Citric Acid Cycle: Overview

16.5K
In aerobic organisms, the citric acid cycle is the second stage of cellular respiration wherein molecules derived from the breakdown of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are oxidized into carbon dioxide and energy. This process is also known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle as the first product of the cycle, citric acid, contains three carboxyl groups in its structure. Alternatively, this cycle is also referred to as the Krebs cycle, in honor of its discoverer Sir Hans Krebs.
The citric...
16.5K
Fates of Pyruvate01:20

Fates of Pyruvate

8.4K
Pyruvate is the end product of glycolysis, where glucose is oxidized to pyruvate, simultaneously reducing NAD+ to NADH. Two molecules of ATP are also produced by substrate-level phosphorylation.
In aerobic organisms, pyruvate is metabolized via the citric acid cycle to produce reduced coenzymes NADH and FADH2. These coenzymes are then oxidized in the electron transport chain to produce ATP and, in the process, regenerate the NAD+ and FAD. As seen in some cell types and organisms, fermentation...
8.4K
Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones: Baeyer–Villiger Oxidation01:22

Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones: Baeyer–Villiger Oxidation

4.1K
Baeyer–Villiger oxidation converts aldehydes to carboxylic acids and ketones to esters. The reaction uses peroxy acids or peracids and is often catalyzed by acid. The reaction is named after its pioneers, Adolf von Baeyer and Victor Villiger. The reaction is achieved by a wide range of peracids such as m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid (mCPBA), perbenzoic acid (C6H5COOOH), peracetic acid (CH3COOOH), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BuOOH).
The carbonyl center is...
4.1K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

The Swiss Industrial Biocatalysis Consortium (SIBC) turns 20!

Chimia·2025
Same author

From Ambergris to (-)-Ambrox: Chemistry Meets Biocatalysis for Sustainable (-)-Ambrox Production.

Journal of agricultural and food chemistry·2023
Same author

Asymmetric Cation-Olefin Monocyclization by Engineered Squalene-Hopene Cyclases.

Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)·2021
Same author

Effect of Fluorination on Skin Sensitization Potential and Fragrant Properties of Cinnamyl Compounds.

Chemistry & biodiversity·2018
Same author

Pharmacophore-based design of novel oxadiazoles as selective sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) receptor agonists with in vivo efficacy.

ChemMedChem·2015
Same author

Discovery of a Novel Series of CRTH2 (DP2) Receptor Antagonists Devoid of Carboxylic Acids.

ACS medicinal chemistry letters·2014

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 14, 2025

Production of Chemicals by Klebsiella pneumoniae Using Bamboo Hydrolysate as Feedstock
07:24

Production of Chemicals by Klebsiella pneumoniae Using Bamboo Hydrolysate as Feedstock

Published on: June 29, 2017

8.9K

Sustainable (-)-Ambrox Production: Chemistry Meets Biocatalysis.

Eric Eichhorn1, Boris Schilling2, Agnes Bombrun3

  • 1Givaudan Schweiz AG, Kemptpark 50, CH-8310 Kemptthal, Switzerland. eric.eichhorn@givaudan.com.

Chimia
|September 2, 2024
PubMed
Summary

A new sustainable method for producing (-)-ambrox, a key fragrance ingredient, utilizes (E)-β-farnesene. This fermentation-derived feedstock offers improved efficiency and reduced environmental impact compared to traditional synthesis.

Keywords:
(-)-AmbroxBiocatalysisFarneseneHomofarnesolSqualene Hopene Cyclase

More Related Videos

Immobilization of Multi-biocatalysts in Alginate Beads for Cofactor Regeneration and Improved Reusability
09:27

Immobilization of Multi-biocatalysts in Alginate Beads for Cofactor Regeneration and Improved Reusability

Published on: April 22, 2016

17.3K
Transient Expression in Nicotiana Benthamiana Leaves for Triterpene Production at a Preparative Scale
08:56

Transient Expression in Nicotiana Benthamiana Leaves for Triterpene Production at a Preparative Scale

Published on: August 16, 2018

17.2K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 14, 2025

Production of Chemicals by Klebsiella pneumoniae Using Bamboo Hydrolysate as Feedstock
07:24

Production of Chemicals by Klebsiella pneumoniae Using Bamboo Hydrolysate as Feedstock

Published on: June 29, 2017

8.9K
Immobilization of Multi-biocatalysts in Alginate Beads for Cofactor Regeneration and Improved Reusability
09:27

Immobilization of Multi-biocatalysts in Alginate Beads for Cofactor Regeneration and Improved Reusability

Published on: April 22, 2016

17.3K
Transient Expression in Nicotiana Benthamiana Leaves for Triterpene Production at a Preparative Scale
08:56

Transient Expression in Nicotiana Benthamiana Leaves for Triterpene Production at a Preparative Scale

Published on: August 16, 2018

17.2K

Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Organic Chemistry
  • Sustainable Manufacturing

Background:

  • (-)-Ambrox is a crucial biodegradable fragrance ingredient derived from ambergris.
  • Traditional production involves chemical modification and cyclization of sclareol.
  • Fermentation offers a novel feedstock, (E)-β-farnesene, for alternative synthesis routes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a sustainable industrial-scale production method for (-)-ambrox.
  • To explore the use of (E)-β-farnesene as a precursor for (-)-ambrox synthesis.
  • To improve the atom economy and reduce waste in (-)-ambrox production.

Main Methods:

  • Chemical transformation of (E)-β-farnesene to (E,E)-homofarnesol.
  • Enzymatic cyclization of (E,E)-homofarnesol using an engineered Squalene Hopene Cyclase.
  • Comparison of the new route with traditional sclareol-based synthesis.

Main Results:

  • A novel, sustainable industrial-scale route for (-)-ambrox production was established.
  • The new route demonstrates improved atom and step economy.
  • Reduced waste, solvent, and energy consumption were observed compared to the traditional method.

Conclusions:

  • The use of (E)-β-farnesene provides a greener and more efficient pathway for (-)-ambrox synthesis.
  • This innovative approach supports sustainable practices in the fragrance industry.
  • Industrial-scale production of (-)-ambrox is achievable with enhanced environmental benefits.