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Pacing Demands in Competitive Nordic Skiing.

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Optimizing pacing in cross-country skiing, biathlon, and Nordic combined is crucial for performance. Athletes should use perceived effort alongside objective measures to regulate intensity and enhance self-regulation skills for better training and competition outcomes.

Keywords:
global navigation satellite systemheart rateintermittent exerciserating of perceived exertion

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Area of Science:

  • Sports Science
  • Exercise Physiology
  • Winter Olympic Sports Analysis

Background:

  • Cross-country skiing, biathlon, and Nordic combined feature undulating terrain and variable intensity.
  • These sports require continuous regulation of work and energy expenditure, known as pacing.
  • Technological advancements enable detailed measurement of pacing demands during training and competition.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a scientific overview of pacing demands in competitive cross-country skiing, biathlon, and Nordic combined.
  • To propose guidelines for enhancing performance through adjusted pacing behavior.
  • To explore the evolution of pacing analysis from segment to micro-level strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of speed, internal and external power, and subtechnique distribution.
  • Examination of temporal patterns associated with pacing strategies.
  • Integration of subjective ratings of effort (e.g., rating of perceived exertion) with objective measures.

Main Results:

  • Pacing analysis has advanced to detailed micropacing strategies.
  • Objective tools like heart rate and lactate measurements are common.
  • Perceived effort is crucial for regulating intensity in undulating terrain.

Conclusions:

  • Objective measures should supplement, not replace, perceived effort for intensity regulation.
  • Self-regulation of effort is a key performance characteristic.
  • Developing self-regulation is vital for optimizing training and race performance throughout an athlete's career.