Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Organization of the Brain

Organization of the Brain

The brain is an integral component of the nervous system and serves as the center for processing sensory inputs, making decisions, and directing bodily actions. This complex organ is organized into three primary sections: the hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain, each responsible for a range of vital functions.
Hindbrain
The hindbrain, located at the base of the brain, plays a vital role in regulating automatic processes that sustain life. It includes the medulla oblongata, which is essential for...

Understanding Consciousness

Understanding Consciousness

Consciousness can be defined as the state of being aware of and able to think about one's existence, sensations, and surroundings. It encompasses two major components: awareness and arousal. Awareness pertains to the recognition of environmental stimuli and internal states. At the same time, arousal refers to the physiological readiness to engage with these stimuli, which varies significantly between states like sleep and wakefulness.
Sleep, a crucial state, is characterized by reduced...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

A wireless subdural-contained brain-computer interface with 65,536 electrodes and 1,024 channels.

Nature electronics·2026

Same author

High-Throughput Screening Identifies Small-Molecule Inhibitors of the Tau-LRP1 Interaction.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026

Same author

Genetic modifiers in autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease.

The Lancet. Neurology·2026

Same author

BAG2 Condensates Couple Proteostasis to CD8<sup>+</sup>T Cell Surveillance.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026

Same author

Systematic analysis of RhoGAP expression and function in border cell morphology and migration.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026

Same author

Tracking tau and cellular responses in human iPSC-microglia: from uptake to seedable secretion, including in extracellular vesicles.

Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association·2026

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 10, 2026

Brain Organoid Generation from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells in Home-Made Mini Bioreactors

Brain Organoid Generation from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells in Home-Made Mini Bioreactors

Published on: December 11, 2021

Why brain organoids are not conscious yet.

Kenneth S Kosik¹

¹Neuroscience Research Institute and Department of Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.

Patterns (New York, N.Y.)

|September 5, 2024

Summary

Human brain organoids currently lack consciousness despite technological advances. Future developments may lead to biosynthetic consciousness as organoids become more complex and interactive.

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Biotechnology
Artificial Intelligence

Background:

Human brain organoids are rapidly advancing, raising ethical questions about their potential for consciousness.
Current brain organoids mimic some brain structures but lack key features for consciousness.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate the current state of human brain organoids concerning consciousness.
To explore future possibilities of biosynthetic consciousness in advanced organoids.

Main Methods:

Review of current brain organoid technologies and their limitations.
Analysis of criteria for consciousness and their applicability to organoids.

Main Results:

Brain organoids do not meet current operational definitions of consciousness.

More Related Videos

A Human Cerebral Organoid Model of Neural Cell Transplantation

A Human Cerebral Organoid Model of Neural Cell Transplantation

Published on: July 21, 2023

Electroporation of Sliced Human Cortical Organoids for Studies of Gene Function

Electroporation of Sliced Human Cortical Organoids for Studies of Gene Function

Published on: November 29, 2024

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 10, 2026

Brain Organoid Generation from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells in Home-Made Mini Bioreactors

Brain Organoid Generation from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells in Home-Made Mini Bioreactors

Published on: December 11, 2021

A Human Cerebral Organoid Model of Neural Cell Transplantation

A Human Cerebral Organoid Model of Neural Cell Transplantation

Published on: July 21, 2023

Electroporation of Sliced Human Cortical Organoids for Studies of Gene Function

Electroporation of Sliced Human Cortical Organoids for Studies of Gene Function

Published on: November 29, 2024

Organoids exhibit increasing internal processing and external interaction capabilities.

Conclusions:

Despite current limitations, future brain organoids may pose new questions regarding biosynthetic consciousness.
The development of closed-loop systems and embodiment in organoids are key factors for future consideration.