Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Embryonic Stem Cells

Embryonic Stem Cells

Embryonic stem (ES) cells are undifferentiated pluripotent cells, meaning they can produce any cell type in the body. This gives them tremendous potential in science and medicine since they can generate specific cell types for use in research or to replace body cells lost due to damage or disease.

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Assessing the therapeutic effects of DPP4 Inhibitors on TGF-β2-induced Lens Opacity.

Experimental eye research·2026

Same author

Clinical Significance of IL-4 and IL-21 Concurrent Elevation in Predicting Disease Activity Score and Antihistamine Treatment Response in Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria.

Clinical pharmacology in drug development·2026

Same author

Aldose reductase as a regulator of ocular pathology: Mechanisms and therapeutic potential.

Histology and histopathology·2026

Same author

Enzymatic Disruption of the Internal Limiting Membrane Enhances Transplanted Retinal Ganglion Cell Survival.

Investigative ophthalmology & visual science·2026

Same author

A phase Ib/II study of modakafusp alfa alone and in combination with pembrolizumab in patients with advanced or metastatic solid tumors.

Frontiers in oncology·2025

Same author

The distinct roles of TGF-β signaling in retinal development.

iScience·2025

Same journal

Isolation of Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles.

Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)·2026

Same journal

Modeling Melanoma Immune Surveillance by CAR-T Cells in Human Skin Organoids.

Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)·2026

Same journal

Stepwise Optimization of a Matrigel-Based In Vitro Angiogenesis Assay for Reproducible and Quantifiable 2D-Tube Formation Using HUVECs.

Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)·2026

Same journal

Quantifying Mechanical Properties of Fresh Ovarian Tissue with Optical Brillouin Microscopy.

Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)·2026

Same journal

3D Chromatin Architecture During Early Development: New Methods and New Findings.

Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)·2026

Same journal

Metabolic Plasticity in Embryogenesis Throughout the Lens of NAD<sup></sup>.

Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)·2026

See all related articles

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 15, 2025

Rapid and Efficient Generation of Recombinant Human Pluripotent Stem Cells by Recombinase-mediated Cassette Exchange in the AAVS1 Locus

Rapid and Efficient Generation of Recombinant Human Pluripotent Stem Cells by Recombinase-mediated Cassette Exchange in the AAVS1 Locus

Published on: November 20, 2016

Generating ESC-Derived RGCs for Cell Replacement Therapy.

Mishal Rao¹, Chia-Chun Liu¹, Shining Wang¹

¹Department of Ophthalmology, Louis J. Fox Center for Vision Restoration, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)

|September 6, 2024

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Stem cell-derived retinal cells offer potential for treating blindness caused by retinal neuron degeneration. This study presents a modified protocol for retinal organoid differentiation and transplantation for retinal ganglion cell (RGC) regeneration.

Keywords:

Cell transplantation Human embryonic stem cells RGC differentiation RGC purification Retinal ganglion cells Retinal organoid dissociation Retinal organoids

More Related Videos

Engineering Oncogenic Heterozygous Gain-of-Function Mutations in Human Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells

Engineering Oncogenic Heterozygous Gain-of-Function Mutations in Human Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells

Published on: March 10, 2023

Generation of Human Chimeric Antigen Receptor Regulatory T Cells

Generation of Human Chimeric Antigen Receptor Regulatory T Cells

Published on: January 3, 2025

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 15, 2025

Rapid and Efficient Generation of Recombinant Human Pluripotent Stem Cells by Recombinase-mediated Cassette Exchange in the AAVS1 Locus

Rapid and Efficient Generation of Recombinant Human Pluripotent Stem Cells by Recombinase-mediated Cassette Exchange in the AAVS1 Locus

Published on: November 20, 2016

Engineering Oncogenic Heterozygous Gain-of-Function Mutations in Human Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells

Engineering Oncogenic Heterozygous Gain-of-Function Mutations in Human Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells

Published on: March 10, 2023

Generation of Human Chimeric Antigen Receptor Regulatory T Cells

Generation of Human Chimeric Antigen Receptor Regulatory T Cells

Published on: January 3, 2025

Area of Science:

Ophthalmology
Neuroscience
Stem Cell Biology

Background:

Retinal neuron degeneration in ocular diseases causes irreversible blindness.
Stem cell (SC)-derived retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) show promise for RGC loss therapy.
Challenges remain in achieving long-distance regeneration and functional connectivity after SC transplantation.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a modified protocol for differentiating human embryonic stem cells (ESCs) into retinal organoids.
To transplant organoid-derived RGCs into murine eyes to assess regenerative potential.
To investigate methods for overcoming challenges in SC-based RGC transplantation therapies.

Main Methods:

Modified protocol for human ESC differentiation into retinal organoids.
Isolation and transplantation of organoid-derived RGCs into a murine eye model.
Assessment of RGC survival, integration, and potential for regeneration.

Main Results:

Successful differentiation of ESCs into retinal organoids.
Transplantation of organoid-derived RGCs into murine eyes.
Evaluation of the efficacy of this approach for RGC regeneration and functional recovery.

Conclusions:

The modified protocol facilitates retinal organoid generation from ESCs.
Transplantation of organoid-derived RGCs is a viable strategy for exploring RGC replacement therapies.
Further research is needed to optimize long-distance regeneration and functional integration of transplanted RGCs.