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Related Concept Videos

The DNA Replication Fork01:02

The DNA Replication Fork

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An organism’s genome needs to be duplicated in an efficient and error-free manner for its growth and survival. The replication fork is a Y-shaped active region where two strands of DNA are separated and replicated continuously. The coupling of DNA unzipping and complementary strand synthesis is a characteristic feature of a replication fork.   Organisms with small circular DNA, such as E. coli, often have a single origin of replication; therefore, they have only two replication...
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Restarting Stalled Replication Forks02:37

Restarting Stalled Replication Forks

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DNA replication is initiated at sites containing predefined DNA sequences known as origins of replication. DNA is unwound at these sites by the minichromosome maintenance (MCM) helicase and other factors such as Cdc45 and the associated GINS complex.The unwound single strands are protected by replication protein A (RPA) until DNA polymerase starts synthesizing DNA at the 5’ end of the strand in the same direction as the replication fork. To prevent the replication fork from falling apart,...
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DNA Damage can Stall the Cell Cycle02:37

DNA Damage can Stall the Cell Cycle

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In response to DNA damage, cells can pause the cell cycle to assess and repair the breaks. However, the cell must check the DNA at certain critical stages during the cell cycle. If the cell cycle pauses before DNA replication, the cells will contain twice the amount of DNA. On the other hand, if cells arrest after DNA replication but before mitosis, they will contain four times the normal amount of DNA. With a host of specialized proteins at their disposal,cells must use the right protein at...
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Homologous Recombination02:31

Homologous Recombination

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The basic reaction of homologous recombination (HR) involves two chromatids that contain DNA sequences sharing a significant stretch of identity. One of these sequences uses a strand from another as a template to synthesize DNA in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. The final product is a novel amalgamation of the two substrates. To ensure an accurate recombination of sequences, HR is restricted to the S and G2 phases of the cell cycle. At these stages, the DNA has been replicated already and the...
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Replication in Prokaryotes01:32

Replication in Prokaryotes

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DNA replication has three main steps: initiation, elongation, and termination. Replication in prokaryotes begins when initiator proteins bind to the single origin of replication (ori) on the cell's circular chromosome. Replication then proceeds around the entire circle of the chromosome in each direction from the two replication forks, resulting in two DNA molecules.
Many Proteins Work Together to Replicate the Chromosome
Replication is coordinated and carried out by a host of specialized...
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Translesion DNA Polymerases02:10

Translesion DNA Polymerases

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Translesion (TLS) polymerases rescue stalled DNA polymerases at sites of damaged bases by replacing the replicative polymerase and installing a nucleotide across the damaged site. Doing so, TLS allows additional time for the cell to repair the damage before resuming regular DNA replication.
TLS polymerases are found in all three domains of life - archaea, bacteria, and eukaryotes. Of the different classes of TLS polymerases, members of the Y family are fitted with specialized structures that...
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Updated: Jun 14, 2025

Quantifying Replication Stress in Ovarian Cancer Cells Using Single-Stranded DNA Immunofluorescence
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Quantifying Replication Stress in Ovarian Cancer Cells Using Single-Stranded DNA Immunofluorescence

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Stressed? Break-induced replication comes to the rescue!

Rosemary S Lee1, Jerzy M Twarowski2, Anna Malkova1

  • 1Department of Biochemistry & Structural Biology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.

DNA Repair
|September 6, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Break-induced replication (BIR) repairs DNA breaks but is mutagenic, causing genetic instability and disease. It is stimulated by replication stress, particularly in cancer cells.

Keywords:
Break-Induced Replication (BIR)cancerchromosome rearrangementsgenome instabilitymutationsreplication stress (RS)

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Inducing a Site Specific Replication Blockage in E. coli Using a Fluorescent Repressor Operator System

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Direct Restart of a Replication Fork Stalled by a Head-On RNA Polymerase
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Direct Restart of a Replication Fork Stalled by a Head-On RNA Polymerase
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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Cancer Research

Background:

  • Break-induced replication (BIR) is a key homologous recombination (HR) pathway for repairing one-ended DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs).
  • BIR is initiated by DNA end invasion and extensive replication synthesis, observed in yeast and mammalian cells.
  • Unlike error-free HR, BIR is mutagenic, leading to genomic instability and disease.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current understanding of BIR mechanisms.
  • To explore the link between BIR and replication stress (RS).
  • To discuss BIR's role in genome destabilization and potential therapeutic applications.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of past and current findings on BIR.
  • Analysis of BIR's association with replication stress.
  • Discussion of BIR's impact on eukaryotic genome stability.

Main Results:

  • BIR is a mutagenic HR pathway that can cause chromosomal rearrangements.
  • Replication stress significantly stimulates BIR.
  • BIR is implicated in cancer genesis and progression due to its mutagenic nature.

Conclusions:

  • BIR is a complex process with significant implications for genome stability and human disease.
  • Understanding BIR's interaction with replication stress is crucial.
  • Targeting BIR machinery offers potential for novel anti-cancer therapeutics.