Novel insights into the diversity of halophilic microorganisms and their functioning in hypersaline ecosystems

Our understanding of the microbial diversity inhabiting hypersaline environments, here defined as containing >100-150 g/L salts, has greatly increased in the past five years. Halophiles are found in each of the three domains of life. Many novel types have been cultivated, and metagenomics and other cultivation-independent approaches have revealed the existence of many previously unrecognized lineages. Syntrophic interactions between different phylogenetic lineages have been discovered, such as the symbiosis between members of the archaeal class Halobacteria and the 'Candidatus Nanohalarchaeota'. Metagenomics techniques also have shed light on the biogeography of halophiles, especially of the genera Salinibacter (Bacteria) and Haloquadratum and Halorubrum (Archaea). Exploration of the microbiome of hypersaline lakes led to the discovery of novel types of metabolism previously unknown to occur at high salt concentrations. Studies of environments with high concentrations of chaotropic ions such as magnesium, calcium, and lithium have refined our understanding of the limits of life.