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Population-specific differences in the human microbiome: Factors defining the diversity.

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Area of Science:

  • Human microbiome research
  • Microbial ecology
  • Genetics and personalized medicine

Background:

  • Microbiome composition varies across body habitats (gut, oral, skin, etc.) and is crucial for human development and immunity.
  • Host genetics, diet, lifestyle, aging, and geography significantly influence population-specific microbiome differences.
  • Existing research often focuses on bacteria (bacteriome), overlooking the virome (bacteriophages).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review factors shaping human microbiome diversity across African, Asian, and Caucasian populations.
  • To highlight the association between diet and the prevalence of specific gut bacteria like Bacteroides and Prevotella.
  • To emphasize the importance of understanding the bacteriome-virome interplay and its role in disease.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on human microbiome composition and influencing factors.
  • Analysis of population-specific microbiome differences, particularly in gut microbiota.
  • Examination of the relationship between bacteriophages (virome) and bacterial diversity (bacteriome).

Main Results:

  • Bacteroides is common in Western (Caucasian) populations, while Prevotella is prevalent in African and Asian populations, linked to dietary differences (high-carb/fat vs. high-fiber/low-fat).
  • Increased bacteriophage richness correlates with decreased bacterial diversity and can lead to microbiome dysbiosis.
  • Elevated Caudovirales (bacteriophages) are associated with reduced enteric bacteria in inflammatory bowel diseases.

Conclusions:

  • Future research must explore the bacteriome-virome interrelation for disease pathogenesis understanding.
  • Emphasizing population-specific microbiome differences is crucial for developing targeted microbiome-based therapeutics and addressing ethnic health disparities.
  • Standardizing research protocols, advancing bioinformatics, and integrating multi-omics data are essential for personalized microbiome therapeutics.