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The structure of a crystalline solid, whether a metal or not, is best described by considering its simplest repeating unit, which is referred to as its unit cell. The unit cell consists of lattice points that represent the locations of atoms or ions. The entire structure then consists of this unit cell repeating in three dimensions. The three different types of unit cells present in the cubic lattice are illustrated in Figure 1.
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Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
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Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
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Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
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Intergranular fracture, grain-boundary structure, and dislocation-density interactions in FCC bicrystals.

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Fracture initiates at lower strains in high-angle grain boundaries (HAGBs) compared to low-angle grain boundaries (LAGBs). This is due to differences in dislocation pileups and accumulation at grain boundaries, impacting material failure mechanisms.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Mechanical Engineering
  • Computational Modeling

Background:

  • Understanding material failure is critical for engineering applications.
  • Grain boundary (GB) structure and orientation significantly influence mechanical properties.
  • Dislocation interactions at GBs are key to fracture nucleation and propagation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To predict and understand fracture nucleation and propagation mechanisms at different grain boundary types.
  • To investigate the role of dislocation pileups, GB structure, and orientation in material failure.
  • To compare fracture behavior between low-angle grain boundaries (LAGBs) and high-angle grain boundaries (HAGBs).

Main Methods:

  • Dislocation-density based crystalline plasticity (DCP) modeling.
  • Nonlinear finite element (FE) analysis.
  • Micropillar experiments to obtain accurate GB orientations and structures.

Main Results:

  • Higher normal stress, pileup density, and dislocation accumulation were observed at LAGBs compared to HAGBs.
  • Fracture initiated and propagated at lower nominal strains for HAGBs than for LAGBs.
  • DCP and FE analyses successfully predicted and explained fracture behavior based on microstructural mechanisms.

Conclusions:

  • Fracture initiates at lower strains in HAGBs due to distinct dislocation interactions and pileups.
  • GB structure and orientation are critical factors controlling fracture nucleation and propagation.
  • The study provides fundamental insights into material failure mechanisms at grain boundaries.