Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Preparation of Amides01:29

Preparation of Amides

3.0K
Amides are synthesized by treating carboxylic acids with amines in the presence of dehydrating agents like dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC).
The DCC-promoted synthesis of amides begins with the protonation of DCC by carboxylic acid. The protonation makes it a better acceptor. Next, the addition of carboxylate to the protonated carbodiimide gives a reactive acylating agent.
Subsequently, the amine acts as a nucleophile that attacks the acylating agent to form a tetrahedral intermediate. In the...
3.0K
Preparation of 1° Amines: Azide Synthesis01:22

Preparation of 1° Amines: Azide Synthesis

3.9K
Direct alkylation of ammonia produces polyalkylated amines, along with a quaternary ammonium salt. To exclusively prepare primary amines, the azide synthesis method can be used.
Azide ions act as good nucleophiles and react with unhindered alkyl halides to form alkyl azides. Alkyl azides do not participate in further nucleophilic substitution reactions, thereby eliminating the chances of polyalkylated products. Alkyl azides are reduced by hydride-based reducing agents, like lithium aluminum...
3.9K
Preparation of 1° Amines: Gabriel Synthesis01:28

Preparation of 1° Amines: Gabriel Synthesis

3.5K
Direct alkylation is not a suitable method for synthesizing amines because it produces polyalkylated products. Gabriel synthesis is the most preferred method to exclusively make primary amines. The method uses phthalimide, which contains a protected form of nitrogen that participates in alkylation only once to predominantly give primary amines.
Strong bases like NaOH or KOH deprotonate the phthalimide to form the corresponding anion, which acts as a nucleophile. Further, the anion attacks an...
3.5K
Acid Halides to Amides: Aminolysis01:07

Acid Halides to Amides: Aminolysis

2.7K
Aminolysis is a nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction, where ammonia or amines act as nucleophiles to give the substitution product. Acid halides react with ammonia, primary amines, and secondary amines to yield primary, secondary, and tertiary amides, respectively.
In the first step of the aminolysis mechanism, the amine attacks the carbonyl carbon of the acyl chloride to form a tetrahedral intermediate. In the second step, the carbonyl group is re-formed with the elimination of a chloride...
2.7K
Preparation of Amines: Reduction of Amides and Nitriles01:13

Preparation of Amines: Reduction of Amides and Nitriles

2.4K
Nitriles can be reduced to primary amines using reducing agents like lithium aluminum hydride or catalytic hydrogenation. The reduction introduces an amino group with an extra carbon in the skeleton. Nitriles are formed from the reaction between alkyl halides and sodium cyanide through the SN2 mechanism. Primary alkyl halides are the preferred substrates to prepare nitriles.
Amides can be reduced to primary, secondary, and tertiary amines using catalytic hydrogenation, active metals like Fe,...
2.4K
Preparation of Amines: Reductive Amination of Aldehydes and Ketones01:38

Preparation of Amines: Reductive Amination of Aldehydes and Ketones

2.7K
Carbonyl compounds and primary amines undergo reductive amination first to produce imines, followed by secondary amines in the same reaction mixture, using selective reducing agents like sodium cyanoborohydride or sodium triacetoxyborohydride. Reductive amination produces different degrees of substitution of amines depending on the starting amine substrate.
2.7K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Continuous or Fixed-Duration Maintenance Therapy in Multiple Myeloma.

The New England journal of medicine·2026
Same author

ACTIVE involvement in alcohol care: a community case study in coproduction.

Frontiers in public health·2026
Same author

The application of fluorinated α-amino acids to drug discovery techniques.

Expert opinion on drug discovery·2026
Same author

Ciltacabtagene autoleucel in high-risk smoldering multiple myeloma: the CAR-PRISM phase 2 trial.

Nature medicine·2026
Same author

Disordered Bile Acid Metabolism in Alcohol-Related Hepatitis.

Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics·2026
Same author

Prevalence of Illicit Drug Detection in 5 US Cities Among Out-of-Treatment People Who Inject Drugs.

JAMA network open·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 13, 2025

Depolymerizable Olefinic Polymers Based on Fused-Ring Cyclooctene Monomers
08:12

Depolymerizable Olefinic Polymers Based on Fused-Ring Cyclooctene Monomers

Published on: December 16, 2022

3.2K

Solvent Minimized Synthesis of Amides by Reactive Extrusion.

Robert R A Bolt1, Harry R Smallman1, Jamie A Leitch1

  • 1Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, University College London (UCL), School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, Bloomsbury, London, WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)
|September 9, 2024
PubMed
Summary

This study scales up a ball-milled amidation reaction using continuous reactive extrusion. Researchers optimized twin-screw extruder parameters and input material forms for efficient, large-scale amide synthesis.

Keywords:
continuous flowdirect amidationgreen chemistrymechanochemistrysolvent-minimisedtwin-screw extrusion

More Related Videos

An Efficient Method for the Synthesis of Peptoids with Mixed Lysine-type/Arginine-type Monomers and Evaluation of Their Anti-leishmanial Activity
12:02

An Efficient Method for the Synthesis of Peptoids with Mixed Lysine-type/Arginine-type Monomers and Evaluation of Their Anti-leishmanial Activity

Published on: November 2, 2016

12.1K
Synthesis of Information-bearing Peptoids and their Sequence-directed Dynamic Covalent Self-assembly
09:34

Synthesis of Information-bearing Peptoids and their Sequence-directed Dynamic Covalent Self-assembly

Published on: February 6, 2020

7.2K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 13, 2025

Depolymerizable Olefinic Polymers Based on Fused-Ring Cyclooctene Monomers
08:12

Depolymerizable Olefinic Polymers Based on Fused-Ring Cyclooctene Monomers

Published on: December 16, 2022

3.2K
An Efficient Method for the Synthesis of Peptoids with Mixed Lysine-type/Arginine-type Monomers and Evaluation of Their Anti-leishmanial Activity
12:02

An Efficient Method for the Synthesis of Peptoids with Mixed Lysine-type/Arginine-type Monomers and Evaluation of Their Anti-leishmanial Activity

Published on: November 2, 2016

12.1K
Synthesis of Information-bearing Peptoids and their Sequence-directed Dynamic Covalent Self-assembly
09:34

Synthesis of Information-bearing Peptoids and their Sequence-directed Dynamic Covalent Self-assembly

Published on: February 6, 2020

7.2K

Area of Science:

  • Chemical Engineering
  • Process Chemistry
  • Organic Synthesis

Background:

  • Amidation reactions are crucial in synthesizing various chemical compounds.
  • Scaling up laboratory procedures to industrial levels presents significant challenges.
  • Continuous processing offers advantages over batch methods for chemical manufacturing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To translate a small-scale ball-milled amidation protocol to a large-scale continuous reactive extrusion process.
  • To investigate the critical parameters for successful continuous operation in twin-screw extrusion.
  • To explore the impact of different input material physical forms on the amidation reaction in continuous flow.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a twin-screw extruder for continuous reactive extrusion.
  • Optimized operating parameters of the extruder for prolonged continuous operation.
  • Investigated amidation reactions with 36 different amides, considering various physical forms (liquid-liquid, solid-liquid, solid-solid).

Main Results:

  • Successfully translated the amidation protocol to a continuous reactive extrusion process.
  • Identified key operating parameters and material form considerations for successful scale-up.
  • Demonstrated a 7-hour continuous reactive extrusion process yielding 500 grams (1.3 moles) of amide product.

Conclusions:

  • Continuous reactive extrusion is a viable method for large-scale amide synthesis.
  • Understanding extruder operation and material physical forms is essential for process translation.
  • The developed protocol enables efficient and scalable production of amides.