Utilization of sanitaryware waste product (SWP) as an admixture ingredient for eco-cooling paint

Sanitaryware, a key ceramic product, has significant importance in the global ceramic industry. The global annual production of sanitaryware industry has increase 2.16 to 3.70 million tonnes from 2010 to 2022. Moreover, the quantity of rejected product also increased from 0.17 to 0.30 million tonnes during that period, potentially harming the environment and making it improperly used and dumped in landfills. This study examined the potential of a sanitaryware waste product (SWP) as an admixture ingredient in eco-cooling paint to mitigate the effects of global warming and enhance environmental sustainability. The re-use potential of SWP was assessed using chemical, physical, and product performance analysis against the standard specifications for each parameter. SWP was predominantly composed of SiO₂ and Al₂O₃ with mullite and quartz being the major contributing compounds. Physical tests confirmed that SWP met the standards and resisted extreme heat. The optical performance revealed the solar reflectance and thermal emittance achieved 90.62% and 98.89%, respectively. Heat resistance showed a reduction in temperature of 8.5°C indoors and 9.9°C outdoors. Eco-cooling paint efficiency estimates range from 0.0 to 29.7%, saving energy and reducing CO₂ emissions by approximately 0.0384 kgCO₂eq/°C. The study highlights SWP's significant potential for waste reuse as an alternative to combat urban heat phenomena and mitigate the impact of change impact.