Bladder and Kidney Transplantation En Bloc: Review of Experience and Prospects for Development

Although urine bladder transplantation is currently being conducted, the procedure is an incompletely resolved problem in clinical transplantology. A small number of en bloc bladder and kidney transplants from pediatric donors to adult recipients in humans have been reported. A small number of bladder transplants with and without combinations with kidneys have also been performed in experiments on different animal models. Here, we aimed to highlight the experiences of various scientists in bladder transplantation in humans and animals. We also presented our small experience in conducting transplant of 1 kidney, ureters, and a segment of the bladder in an experiment on pigs in 2023 (5 cases), which is a promising direction for further successful development of this technology in humans. In 2024, we plan to conduct another 10 transplants of a single block ofthe kidney and bladderin pigs, results of which will be published after the completion of the experimental work.