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Updated: Jun 13, 2025
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Bottlenose Dolphin Tursiops truncatus Spermatozoa: Collection, Cryopreservation, and Heterologous In Vitro Fertilization
Published on: August 21, 2017
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POPULATION PHARMACOKINETICS OF CEFPODOXIME IN BOTTLENOSE DOLPHINS (TURSIOPS TRUNCATUS)
Barbara K Linnehan1, Steven P Lesman2, Joseph F Boucher2
1National Marine Mammal Foundation, San Diego, CA 92106, USA, barb.linnehan@nmmf.org.
Summary
Pharmacokinetic data for cefpodoxime proxetil in bottlenose dolphins show a longer half-life than in other species. This study provides crucial information for optimizing antibiotic dosing in cetaceans, aiding veterinary treatment decisions.
Area of Science:
- Veterinary Pharmacology
- Marine Mammal Medicine
- Antimicrobial Pharmacokinetics
Background:
- Cefpodoxime proxetil is a widely used antibiotic for bacterial infections in cetaceans.
- Limited pharmacokinetic data exist to guide optimal cefpodoxime proxetil dosing in dolphins.
- Understanding drug behavior in marine mammals is crucial for effective treatment.
Purpose of the Study:
- To evaluate the population pharmacokinetics of cefpodoxime proxetil in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus).
- To establish pharmacokinetic parameters for cefpodoxime proxetil in this species.
- To inform evidence-based antimicrobial dosing strategies for dolphins.
Main Methods:
- Sparse-sampling pharmacokinetic study design.
- Oral administration of cefpodoxime proxetil at 10 mg/kg every 24 hours.
- Serum sample analysis using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.
- Population pharmacokinetic analysis with nonlinear mixed-effects modeling.
Main Results:
- A two-compartment model best described cefpodoxime pharmacokinetics.
- Mean maximum concentration (Cmax) of 23.0 µg/ml, time to Cmax of 5.0 h, and half-life of 11.4 h.
- Drug accumulation was approximately 18% with daily dosing; steady state reached by the second dose.
- Serum protein binding was 82.8%.
Conclusions:
- Once-daily oral cefpodoxime proxetil is systemically absorbed and reaches maximum concentrations quickly in dolphins.
- The observed half-life in dolphins is longer compared to other species.
- These findings support informed antimicrobial selection and dosing for bacterial infections in bottlenose dolphins.
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