Nanorepair medicine for treatment of organ injury

Organ injuries, such as acute kidney injury, ischemic stroke, and spinal cord injury, often result in complications that can be life-threatening or even fatal. Recently, many nanomaterials have emerged as promising agents for repairing various organ injuries. In this review, we present the important developments in the field of nanomaterial-based repair medicine, herein referred to as 'nanorepair medicine'. We first introduce the disease characteristics associated with different types of organ injuries and highlight key examples of relevant nanorepair medicine. We then provide a summary of existing strategies in nanorepair medicine, including organ-targeting methodologies and potential countermeasures against exogenous and endogenous pathologic risk factors. Finally, we offer our perspectives on current challenges and future expectations for the advancement of nanomedicine designed for organ injury repair.