A Multi-Functional Nanoadjuvant Coupling Manganese with Toll-Like 9 Agonist Stimulates Potent Innate and Adaptive...

The effectiveness of Toll-like 9 agonists (CpG) as an adjuvant for tumor immunotherapy is restricted due to their insufficient ability to activate anti-tumor immunity. To address that, the common nutrient metal ions are explored (Mn²⁺, Cu²⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Zn²⁺, Fe³⁺, and Al³⁺), identifying Mn²⁺ as a key enhancer of CpG to mediate immune activation by augmenting the STING-NF-κB pathway. Mn²⁺ and CpG are then self-assembled with epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) into a nanoadjuvant MPN/CpG. Local delivery of MPN/CpG effectively inhibits tumor growth in a B16 melanoma-bearing mouse model, reshaping the tumor microenvironment (TME) by repolarizing M2-type tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) to an M1-type and boosting intra-tumoral infiltration of CD8⁺/CD4⁺ T lymphocytes and DCs. Furthermore, compared to free CpG, MPN/CpG exhibits heightened accumulation in lymph nodes, enhancing CpG uptake and DC activation, consequently inducing significant antigen-specific cytotoxic CD8⁺ T cell immune response and humoral immunity. In a prophylactic tumor-bearing mouse model, MPN/CpG vaccination with OVA antigen significantly delays B16-OVA melanoma growth and extends mouse survival. These findings underscore the potential of MPN/CpG as a multifunctional adjuvant platform to drive powerful innate and adaptive immunity and regulate TME against tumors.