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Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin01:08

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin

1.8K
All atomic particles possess an intrinsic angular momentum, or 'spin'. Electrons, protons, and neutrons each have a spin value of ½, although protons and neutrons in nuclei may have higher half-integer spins owing to energetic factors.
Atomic nuclei have a net nuclear spin, , which can have an integer or half-integer value. In atomic nuclei, the spins of protons are paired against each other but not with neutrons, and vice versa. Consequently, an even number of protons does not...
1.8K
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview01:03

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview

901
NMR-active nuclei have energy levels called 'spin states' that are associated with the orientations of their nuclear magnetic moments. In the absence of a magnetic field, the nuclear magnetic moments are randomly oriented, and the spin states are degenerate. When an external magnetic field is applied, the spin states have only 2 + 1 orientations available to them. A proton with = ½ has two available orientations. Similarly, for a quadrupolar nucleus with a nuclear spin value of...
901
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes01:23

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes

632
In the absence of an external magnetic field, nuclear spin states are degenerate and randomly oriented. When a magnetic field is applied, the spins begin to precess and orient themselves along (lower energy) or against (higher energy) the direction of the field. At equilibrium, a slight excess population of spins exists in the lower energy state. Because the direction of the magnetic field is fixed as the z-axis,  the precessing magnetic moments are randomly oriented around the z-axis.
632
NMR Spectroscopy: Spin–Spin Coupling01:08

NMR Spectroscopy: Spin–Spin Coupling

1.3K
The spin state of an NMR-active nucleus can have a slight effect on its immediate electronic environment. This effect propagates through the intervening bonds and affects the electronic environments of NMR-active nuclei up to three bonds away; occasionally, even farther. This phenomenon is called spin–spin coupling or J-coupling. Coupling interactions are mutual and result in small changes in the absorption frequencies of both nuclei involved. While nuclei of the same element are involved...
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Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Magnetic Moment00:59

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Magnetic Moment

1.1K
All atomic nuclei are positively charged. When they have a nonzero spin, they behave like rotating charges. As a consequence of their charge and spin, these nuclei generate a magnetic field (B). This, in turn, gives rise to a magnetic moment (μ), which is randomly oriented in the absence of an external magnetic field. When an external magnetic field (B0) is applied, the magnetic moment vectors can align with the field or against it in 2 + 1 orientations. A hydrogen nucleus, which is just a...
1.1K
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution01:14

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution

962
Near absolute zero temperatures, in the presence of a magnetic field, the majority of nuclei prefer the lower energy spin-up state to the higher energy spin-down state. As temperatures increase, the energy from thermal collisions distributes the spins more equally between the two states. The Boltzmann distribution equation gives the ratio of the number of spins predicted in the spin −½ (N−) and spin +½ (N+) states.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 13, 2025

Study of Protein Dynamics via Neutron Spin Echo Spectroscopy
08:03

Study of Protein Dynamics via Neutron Spin Echo Spectroscopy

Published on: April 13, 2022

2.1K

Coherent spin dynamics between electron and nucleus within a single atom.

Lukas M Veldman1, Evert W Stolte1, Mark P Canavan1

  • 1Department of Quantum Nanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.

Nature Communications
|September 11, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Researchers observed the nanosecond dynamics of coupled nuclear and electron spins using scanning tunnelling microscopy. This breakthrough offers new insights into fundamental quantum spin interactions at the atomic level.

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Neutron Spin Echo Spectroscopy as a Unique Probe for Lipid Membrane Dynamics and Membrane-Protein Interactions
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Photoelectron Imaging of Anions Illustrated by 310 Nm Detachment of F−
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Photoelectron Imaging of Anions Illustrated by 310 Nm Detachment of F−
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Area of Science:

  • Quantum physics
  • Surface science
  • Atomic-scale magnetism

Background:

  • Nuclear spins offer long coherence times for quantum experiments.
  • Electron spin resonance (ESR) with scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) studies single-atom nuclear spins.
  • Observing nuclear spin dynamics has been a significant challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To resolve the nanosecond coherent dynamics of nuclear and electron spins.
  • To investigate the hyperfine-driven flip-flop interaction at the single-atom level.
  • To demonstrate a new method for probing coupled spin systems.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized ESR-STM with local magnetic field control from the STM tip.
  • Achieved spin tuning via avoided level crossings.
  • Employed a DC pump-probe scheme to measure spin system evolution.
  • Polarized electron and nuclear spins via tunnelling electron scattering.

Main Results:

  • Resolved nanosecond coherent dynamics of coupled electron-nuclear spins.
  • Observed complex interfering coherent oscillations in the spin system.
  • Provided direct evidence of hyperfine interaction dynamics.

Conclusions:

  • Demonstrated a method to probe hyperfine physics at the single-atom level.
  • Opened new avenues for quantum experiments with nuclear spins.
  • Advanced the understanding of spin interactions in nanoscale systems.