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Colors and Magnetism03:02

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Color in Coordination Complexes
When atoms or molecules absorb light at the proper frequency, their electrons are excited to higher-energy orbitals. For many main group atoms and molecules, the absorbed photons are in the ultraviolet range of the electromagnetic spectrum, which cannot be detected by the human eye. For coordination compounds, the energy difference between the d orbitals often allows photons in the visible range to be absorbed and emitted, which is seen as colors by the human...
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Crystal Field Theory
To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as colors), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It helps to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
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Metallic Solids

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Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
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Transition metals are defined as those elements that have partially filled d orbitals. As shown in Figure 1, the d-block elements in groups 3–12 are transition elements. The f-block elements, also called inner transition metals (the lanthanides and actinides), also meet this criterion because the d orbital is partially occupied before the f orbitals.
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The absorption of UV–visible light by conjugated systems causes the promotion of an electron from the ground state to the excited state. Consequently, photochemical electrocyclic reactions proceed via the excited-state HOMO rather than the ground-state HOMO. Since the ground- and excited-state HOMOs have different symmetries, the stereochemical outcome of electrocyclic reactions depends on the mode of activation; i.e., thermal or photochemical.
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Electrocyclic reactions are reversible reactions. They involve an intramolecular cyclization or ring-opening of a conjugated polyene. Shown below are two examples of electrocyclic reactions. In the first reaction, the formation of the cyclic product is favored. In contrast, in the second reaction, ring-opening is favored due to the high ring strain associated with cyclobutene formation.
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Reversible Structural Phase Transitions in Zero-Dimensional Cu(I)-Based Metal Halides for Dynamically Tunable

Ran An1,2, Qishun Wang2, Yuan Liang2,3

  • 1Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Jilin, Changchun, 130024, China E-mail: addresses.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)
|September 12, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Two novel zero-dimensional metal halides, (C19H18P)2CuI3 and (C19H18P)2Cu4I6, exhibit distinct luminescence and reversible phase transitions. These properties enable a unique anti-counterfeiting system with dynamic color shifts.

Keywords:
anti-counterfeitinghybrid metal halidesstructural phase transitionstunable emissionszero-dimensional

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Solid-State Chemistry
  • Photophysics

Background:

  • Zero-dimensional (0D) metal halides are crucial for tunable optical properties but face challenges in understanding their luminescence and phase transitions.
  • Developing new materials with controllable optical functionalities is essential for advanced applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design and synthesize inter-transformable 0D Cu(I)-based metal halides.
  • To elucidate their luminescence mechanisms and structural phase transitions.
  • To explore their potential in anti-counterfeiting applications.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of (C19H18P)2CuI3 and (C19H18P)2Cu4I6 under distinct conditions.
  • Experimental characterization of optical properties and luminescence.
  • Density functional theory (DFT) calculations for mechanism elucidation.
  • Investigation of reversible structural phase transitions.

Main Results:

  • Two inter-transformable 0D Cu(I) metal halides, (C19H18P)2CuI3 and (C19H18P)2Cu4I6, were synthesized.
  • (C19H18P)2CuI3 shows bright cyan emission (77% PLQY) from self-trapped excitons.
  • (C19H18P)2Cu4I6 exhibits yellow-orange fluorescence (83% PLQY) due to charge transfer effects and Cu-Cu bonding.
  • Both compounds display reversible structural phase transitions.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides insights into luminescence mechanisms and phase transitions in 0D metal halides.
  • The reversible phase transitions enable a dynamic anti-counterfeiting system with color-shifting capabilities.
  • This work offers new strategies for modulating optical properties and developing advanced optical materials.