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Drug Delivery: Parenteral Route01:29

Drug Delivery: Parenteral Route

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The parenteral route is a critical method of drug administration. It delivers compounds directly into the systemic circulation and bypasses the gastrointestinal tract. This approach is particularly advantageous for drugs that exhibit poor absorption or instability when administered orally.
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Drug delivery methods like oral inhalation, nasal sprays, transdermal patches, eye drops, intravitreal injection,  and rectal administration provide localized effects with reduced toxicity.
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The administration of drugs via parenteral routes allows for direct drug introduction into the systemic circulation, resulting in high bioavailability because the medication bypasses the harsh conditions of the gastrointestinal tract and hepatic metabolism.
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Local anesthetics (LAs) are commonly used for various applications in medical and dental procedures. Some of the common agents used are cocaine, lidocaine, and bupivacaine.
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Updated: Jun 13, 2025

A New Ex Vivo Model for the Evaluation of Endoscopic Submucosal Injection Material Performance
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Submucosal injection fluid and tattoo agents.

, Amit Bhatt1, Juan Carlos Bucobo2

  • 1Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.

Gastrointestinal Endoscopy
|September 13, 2024
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Endoscopic submucosal dissection and endoscopic mucosal resection use lifting and marking agents to aid lesion removal. Choosing the right agent and technique is crucial for successful endoscopic resection.

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Area of Science:

  • Gastroenterology
  • Endoscopic Surgery

Background:

  • Endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) and endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) are minimally invasive endoscopic techniques.
  • Submucosal injection aids in lesion identification and creates a cushion for safe resection.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current techniques and agents for endoscopic marking and lifting of gastrointestinal lesions.

Main Methods:

  • MEDLINE database search up to April 2023.
  • Keywords included "endoscopy," "marking," "tattoo," and "lifting."
  • Report drafted and approved by the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Technology Committee.

Main Results:

  • Review of techniques for endoscopic tattoo placement and submucosal lifting.
  • Description of available agents, their safety, and costs.

Conclusions:

  • Endoscopists have various agents for lifting and marking during EMR and ESD.
  • Understanding agent properties, techniques, costs, and adverse events is vital for optimal lesion resection.