Research progress of hydrogen sulfide fluorescent probes targeting organelles

Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) is implicated in numerous physiological and pathological processes in living organisms. Abnormal levels of H₂S can result in various physiological disorders, highlighting the crucial need for effective identification and detection of H₂S at the organellar level. Although numerous H₂S fluorescent probes targeting organelles have been reported, a comprehensive review of these probes is required. This review focuses on the strategic selection of organelle-targeting groups and recognition sites for H₂S fluorescent probes. This review examines H₂S fluorescent probes that can specifically target lysosomes, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and lipid droplets. These fluorescent probes have been meticulously classified and summarized based on their distinct targets, emphasizing their chemical structure, reaction mechanisms, and biological applications. We carefully designed fluorescent probes to efficiently enhance their ability to recognize target substances and exhibit significant fluorescence variations. Furthermore, we discuss the challenges inherent in the development of fluorescent probes and outline potential future directions for this exciting field.