Study on Laser Transmission Welding Technology of TC4 Titanium Alloy and High-Borosilicate Glass

As the demand for high-performance dissimilar material joining continues to increase in fields such as aerospace, biomedical engineering, and electronics, the welding technology of dissimilar materials has become a focus of research. However, due to the differences in material properties, particularly in the welding between metals and non-metals, numerous challenges arise. The formation and quality of the weld seam are strongly influenced by laser process parameters. In this study, successful welding of high-borosilicate glass to a TC4 titanium alloy, which was treated with high-temperature oxidation, was achieved using a millisecond pulsed laser. A series of process parameter comparison experiments were designed, and the laser welding behavior of the titanium alloy and glass under different process parameters was investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and a universal testing machine as the primary analysis and testing equipment. The results revealed that changes in process parameters significantly affect the energy input and accumulation during the welding process. The maximum joint strength of 60.67 N was obtained at a laser power of 180 W, a welding speed of 3 mm/s, a defocus distance of 0 mm, and a frequency of 10 Hz. Under the action of the laser, the two materials mixed and penetrated into the molten pool, thus achieving a connection. A phase, Ti₅Si₃, was detected at the fracture site, indicating that both mechanical bonding and chemical bonding reactions occurred between the high-borosilicate glass and the TC4 titanium alloy during the laser welding process.