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Related Concept Videos

Properties of Transition Metals02:58

Properties of Transition Metals

25.2K
Transition metals are defined as those elements that have partially filled d orbitals. As shown in Figure 1, the d-block elements in groups 3–12 are transition elements. The f-block elements, also called inner transition metals (the lanthanides and actinides), also meet this criterion because the d orbital is partially occupied before the f orbitals.
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Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide02:44

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide

10.0K
Alkenes are converted to 1,2-diols or glycols through a process called dihydroxylation. It involves the addition of two hydroxyl groups across the double bond with two different stereochemical approaches, namely anti and syn. Dihydroxylation using osmium tetroxide progresses with syn stereochemistry.
10.0K
Oxidation of Alkenes: Anti Dihydroxylation with Peroxy Acids02:04

Oxidation of Alkenes: Anti Dihydroxylation with Peroxy Acids

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Diols are compounds with two hydroxyl groups. In addition to syn dihydroxylation, diols can also be synthesized through the process of anti dihydroxylation. The process involves treating an alkene with a peroxycarboxylic acid to form an epoxide. Epoxides are highly strained three-membered rings with oxygen and two carbons occupying the corners of an equilateral triangle. This step is followed by ring-opening of the epoxide in the presence of an aqueous acid to give a trans diol.
5.7K
Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Potassium Permanganate02:21

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Potassium Permanganate

11.1K
Alkenes can be dihydroxylated using potassium permanganate.  The method encompasses the reaction of an alkene with a cold, dilute solution of potassium permanganate under basic conditions to form a cis-diol along with a brown precipitate of manganese dioxide.
11.1K
Coordination Number and Geometry02:57

Coordination Number and Geometry

15.6K
For transition metal complexes, the coordination number determines the geometry around the central metal ion. Table 1 compares coordination numbers to molecular geometry. The most common structures of the complexes in coordination compounds are octahedral, tetrahedral, and square planar.
15.6K
Oxidations of Aldehydes and Ketones to Carboxylic Acids01:15

Oxidations of Aldehydes and Ketones to Carboxylic Acids

3.8K
Oxidation of aldehydes and ketones results in the formation of carboxylic acids. Aldehydes, bearing hydrogen next to the carbonyl group, are easily oxidized compared to ketones. This is because an aldehydic proton can easily be abstracted during oxidation.
Aldehydes readily undergo oxidation in strong oxidizing agents such as potassium permanganate and chromic acid. The oxidation can also be carried out using mild oxidizing agents such as silver oxide. In fact, aldehydes can be easily oxidized...
3.8K

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Why alloying with noble metals does not decrease the oxidation of platinum: a DFT-based ab initio thermo-dynamics

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Alloying platinum with other metals can reduce corrosion in technical applications. Copper shows promise for stabilizing platinum catalysts, despite a general trade-off between oxidation resistance and alloy nobility.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Physical Chemistry
  • Computational Materials Science

Background:

  • Platinum's nobility is compromised by corrosion in demanding technical applications.
  • Platinum loss is often attributed to the formation of volatile platinum dioxide (PtO2).
  • Alloying is a potential strategy to enhance platinum's stability and reduce corrosion.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the bulk stability of various platinum alloys and their oxides.
  • To evaluate the effectiveness of alloying in reducing platinum corrosion.
  • To identify promising alloying elements for stabilizing platinum catalysts.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized density functional theory (DFT) calculations.
  • Employed ab initio and literature thermodynamic data.
  • Developed an alloy model combining special-quasi-random structures (SQS) with interpolated thermodynamic properties and configurational entropy.

Main Results:

  • Alloying generally reduces platinum oxidation but also decreases the overall alloy nobility.
  • A direct relationship exists between the alloying metal's affinity for platinum and oxygen.
  • Copper (Cu) was identified as a promising alloying element for platinum stabilization.

Conclusions:

  • Alloying offers a viable route to mitigate platinum corrosion in technical applications.
  • Copper alloying demonstrates potential for enhancing the stability of platinum catalysts, particularly in the Ostwald process.
  • Further research into the trade-offs between corrosion resistance and alloy properties is warranted.