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Intervertebral disc herniation refers to the displacement of the nucleus pulposus (the gel-like inner core of the disc) through a tear or weakened area in the annulus fibrosus (the outer fibrous ring). The displaced disc material extends beyond the normal boundaries of the disc space and may compress or irritate nearby spinal nerve roots or, less commonly, the spinal cord.Etiology and Risk FactorsHerniation commonly results from degeneration, in which aging reduces disc hydration and...
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Ovine Lumbar Intervertebral Disc Degeneration Model Utilizing a Lateral Retroperitoneal Drill Bit Injury
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Waterpipe Smoking and Lumbar Intervertebral Disc Degeneration: A Pilot Study.

Hala Ishak1, Tarek P Sunna2, Sara A Assaf3

  • 1Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.

Global Spine Journal
|September 16, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Waterpipe smoking is linked to increased lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD). This study found higher degeneration scores in waterpipe smokers compared to non-smokers, highlighting a significant association.

Keywords:
cigaretteslumbar intervertebral disc degenerationlumbar spine MRIwaterpipe/arguile/hubble bubble/hookah

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics
  • Radiology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) is a common cause of low back pain.
  • Smoking is a known risk factor for various health issues, but its specific impact on lumbar IVDD requires further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine the association between waterpipe smoking and the severity of lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration.
  • To compare disc degeneration in waterpipe smokers, cigarette smokers, and non-smokers.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective chart review of 286 adults undergoing lumbar MRI.
  • Classification of participants into three groups: non-smokers, cigarette-only smokers, and waterpipe-only smokers.
  • Assessment of lumbar intervertebral discs using the Pfirmann disc degeneration grading system.

Main Results:

  • Waterpipe and cigarette smokers exhibited higher lumbar disc degeneration scores than non-smokers across all spinal levels.
  • Significant differences in degeneration were observed at L1-L2 between waterpipe smokers and non-smokers (P=0.013).
  • Significant differences were noted at L3-L4 and L4-L5 between cigarette smokers and non-smokers (P<0.001 and P=0.029, respectively).

Conclusions:

  • Waterpipe smoking is associated with lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration.
  • The findings suggest that waterpipe smoking may contribute to spinal disc damage.
  • Further research is warranted to elucidate the mechanisms linking waterpipe use to IVDD.