Herniated Intervertebral Disc l: Introduction
Degenerative Disc Disease I: Introduction
Degenerative Disc Disease ll: Pathophysiology
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Updated: May 10, 2026

Ovine Lumbar Intervertebral Disc Degeneration Model Utilizing a Lateral Retroperitoneal Drill Bit Injury
Published on: May 25, 2017
Hala Ishak1, Tarek P Sunna2, Sara A Assaf3
1Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.
Waterpipe smoking is linked to increased lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD). This study found higher degeneration scores in waterpipe smokers compared to non-smokers, highlighting a significant association.
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