Challenges for pathologists in implementing clinical microbiome diagnostic testing

Recent research has established that the microbiome plays potential roles in the pathogenesis of numerous chronic diseases, including carcinomas. This discovery has led to significant interest in clinical microbiome testing among physicians, translational investigators, and the lay public. As novel, inexpensive methodologies to interrogate the microbiota become available, research labs and commercial vendors have offered microbial assays. However, these tests still have not infiltrated the clinical laboratory space. Here, we provide an overview of the challenges of implementing microbiome testing in clinical pathology. We discuss challenges associated with preanalytical and analytic sample handling and collection that can influence results, choosing the appropriate testing methodology for the clinical context, establishing reference ranges, interpreting the data generated by testing and its value in making patient care decisions, regulation, and cost considerations of testing. Additionally, we suggest potential solutions for these problems to expedite the establishment of microbiome testing in the clinical laboratory.