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Occupational COVID-19 risks varied over time, with healthcare, transport, and food workers facing higher risks early in the pandemic. Risks for education and social care workers may have persisted.

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Area of Science:

  • Occupational Health
  • Epidemiology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Workplace factors like ventilation and contact influence severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) risk.
  • Certain occupations, including healthcare, social care, education, transport, and food production/retail, are suspected of having elevated risks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate and compare coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outcomes across different occupational groups in Europe.
  • To understand how occupational risks for COVID-19 have changed over time, specifically across pandemic waves.

Main Methods:

  • Conducted a systematic search for population cohort studies in Europe comparing COVID-19 outcomes between occupational groups.
  • Extracted data on relative differences in outcomes between occupations, segmented into four distinct pandemic time-periods.

Main Results:

  • Included data from 17 studies, with 11 focusing on SARS-CoV-2 infection and six on COVID-19 hospitalization/mortality.
  • Elevated risks were observed in healthcare, transport, and food production sectors during early pandemic waves (one and two).
  • Later waves (three onwards) showed persistent elevated infection risks for social care and education workers in some studies.

Conclusions:

  • Occupational differences in COVID-19 outcomes in Europe were most studied in the early pandemic.
  • The magnitude and direction of occupational risk differences for COVID-19 varied significantly over time.
  • While early pandemic risks diminished for some sectors, elevated infection risks persisted for education and social care workers.