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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Human development

Background:

  • Cognitive control is crucial for managing relevant versus irrelevant information.
  • Previous research on age-related cognitive control changes and practice effects yields inconsistent results.
  • Understanding the impact of aging and practice on automatic and controlled processing in conflict tasks is limited.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the influence of aging and practice on cognitive control at a process level.
  • To analyze extensive data using process models for conflict tasks.
  • To elucidate the interplay between aging, practice, and the underlying mechanisms of cognitive control.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of a large dataset (1,800 participants, ages 21-80).
  • Utilized an arrow-based Eriksen flanker task administered over 60 blocks of online games.
  • Applied the diffusion model for conflict tasks to analyze response time distributions and error rates.

Main Results:

  • The congruency effect in response times increased with age and decreased with practice after an initial rise.
  • The diffusion model accurately fitted response time and error data, revealing dynamic processing.
  • Aging slowed controlled and automatic processing, while practice selectively accelerated controlled processing.

Conclusions:

  • Aging and practice primarily modulate the speed of controlled and automatic cognitive processes.
  • These effects suggest alterations in processing speed rather than changes in the inhibitory strength of automatic processes.
  • Findings provide a nuanced understanding of how cognitive control evolves across the adult lifespan with experience.