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Bone Disorders

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Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
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Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
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Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during...
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The minerals contained in all of the food we consume are essential for our organ systems. However, certain essential minerals, such as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, manganese, and fluoride, largely affect bone health.
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All radioactive nuclides emit high-energy particles or electromagnetic waves. When this radiation encounters living cells, it can cause heating, break chemical bonds, or ionize molecules. The most serious biological damage results when these radioactive emissions fragment or ionize molecules. For example, α and β particles emitted from nuclear decay reactions possess much higher energies than ordinary chemical bond energies. When these particles strike and penetrate matter, they...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 12, 2025

Estrogen-Like Effect of Bazi Bushen Capsule in Ovariectomized Rats
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Exposure to air pollution might decrease bone mineral density and increase the prevalence of osteoporosis: a

Junji Du1, Hongbin Cui1, Yingjian Zhao1

  • 1The Fourth Central Clinical College, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.

Osteoporosis International : a Journal Established As Result of Cooperation Between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA
|September 22, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Air pollution, specifically nitrogen oxides and PM2.5, causally reduces bone mineral density, increasing osteoporosis risk. Public health strategies should address air quality to protect bone health.

Keywords:
Air pollutionBone mineral densityCausal associationGWASMendelian randomizationOsteoporosis

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Health
  • Bone Metabolism
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Osteoporosis prevalence is rising globally due to population aging.
  • Observational studies suggest a link between air pollution and reduced bone mineral density (BMD).
  • Air pollution may be an emerging risk factor for osteoporosis development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the potential causal effect of air pollution on total-body BMD.
  • To utilize Mendelian randomization to assess the relationship between air pollutants and bone health.

Main Methods:

  • Two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis using publicly available GWAS data.
  • Inverse variance weighting (IVW) as the primary method for effect estimation.
  • Sensitivity analyses including weighted median, MR-Egger, and mode-based methods to ensure result robustness.

Main Results:

  • Causal association found between nitrogen oxides exposure and reduced total-body BMD (β = -0.55, P = 0.002).
  • Causal association found between PM2.5 exposure and reduced total-body BMD (β = -0.33, P = 0.010).
  • No significant associations were observed for PM2.5-10, PM10, or nitrogen dioxide with total-body BMD.

Conclusions:

  • Exposure to nitrogen oxides and PM2.5 is causally linked to decreased total-body BMD.
  • This finding identifies air pollution as a significant risk factor for osteoporosis.
  • Results support targeted public health interventions to mitigate air pollution and prevent osteoporosis.