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Related Concept Videos

Viral Mutations00:36

Viral Mutations

32.2K
A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material...
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Mutations01:35

Mutations

34.8K
Mutations are changes in the sequence of DNA. These changes can occur spontaneously or they can be induced by exposure to environmental factors. Mutations can be characterized in a number of different ways: whether and how they alter the amino acid sequence of the protein, whether they occur over a small or large area of DNA, and whether they occur in somatic cells or germline cells.
Chromosomal Alterations Are Large-Scale Mutations
While point mutations are changes in a single nucleotide in...
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Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms-SNPs01:05

Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms-SNPs

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A single nucleotide polymorphism or SNP is a single nucleotide variation at a specific genomic position in a large population. It is the most prevalent type of sequence variation found in the human genome. Point mutations that occur in more than 1% of the population qualify as SNPs. These are present once every 1000 nucleotides on an average in the human genome. Replacement of a purine with another purine (A/G) or a pyrimidine with another pyrimidine (C/T) is known as a transition. In contrast,...
14.8K
Viral Recombination00:57

Viral Recombination

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Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
23.3K
Mismatch Repair01:20

Mismatch Repair

4.8K
Organisms are capable of detecting and fixing nucleotide mismatches that occur during DNA replication. This sophisticated process requires identifying the new strand and replacing the erroneous bases with correct nucleotides. Mismatch repair is coordinated by many proteins in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
The Mutator Protein Family Plays a Key Role in DNA Mismatch Repair
The human genome has more than 3 billion base pairs of DNA per cell. Prior to cell division, that vast amount of genetic...
4.8K
Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?02:05

Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?

7.0K
The genomes of eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of sequence which do not code for proteins or RNAs. Although some of these regions do contain crucial regulatory sequences, the vast majority of this DNA serves no known function. Typically, these regions of the genome are the ones in which the fastest change, in evolutionary terms, is observed, because there is typically little to no selection pressure acting on these regions to preserve their sequences.
In contrast, regions which code...
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Updated: Jun 12, 2025

Live Imaging and Quantification of Viral Infection in K18 hACE2 Transgenic Mice Using Reporter-Expressing Recombinant SARS-CoV-2
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Live Imaging and Quantification of Viral Infection in K18 hACE2 Transgenic Mice Using Reporter-Expressing Recombinant SARS-CoV-2

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COVID-19 mutations: An overview.

Malay Sarkar1, Irappa Madabhavi2,3

  • 1Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Indira Gandhi Medical College, Shimla 171001, Himachal Pradesh, India.

World Journal of Methodology
|September 23, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) continues to evolve, leading to new variants like Omicron. These mutations impact infectivity, transmissibility, and vaccine effectiveness, posing ongoing public health challenges.

Keywords:
E484K mutationN501Y mutationOmicronSARS-CoV-2Variant of concern

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Isolation of Fidelity Variants of RNA Viruses and Characterization of Virus Mutation Frequency
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Isolation of Fidelity Variants of RNA Viruses and Characterization of Virus Mutation Frequency

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Area of Science:

  • Virology and Molecular Biology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), a Betacoronavirus, is responsible for the ongoing pandemic.
  • Common human coronaviruses cause seasonal respiratory infections, but SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV are highly pathogenic.
  • Viral evolution, driven by factors like immune pressure from vaccination and prior infection, leads to mutations in SARS-CoV-2.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the various mutations in SARS-CoV-2, focusing on variants of concern (VOCs).
  • To analyze the impact of these mutations on viral infectivity, transmissibility, and neutralization efficacy.
  • To understand the implications of mutations for diagnostic test accuracy and clinical management.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature search of PubMed, EMBASE, Covariant, Stanford variant Database, and CINAHL.
  • Inclusion of studies from December 2019 to February 2023.
  • Search terms included 'VOC', 'SARS-CoV-2', 'Omicron', and 'mutations in SARS-CoV-2'.

Main Results:

  • Several SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs) have emerged globally, including Alpha, Beta, Delta, Gamma, and Omicron.
  • Mutations, particularly in spike proteins, can enhance infectivity and transmissibility.
  • These mutations may reduce the efficacy of neutralization by antibodies (monoclonal, convalescent, vaccine-induced) and impact diagnostic test detection.

Conclusions:

  • SARS-CoV-2 mutations significantly affect its biological properties and clinical impact.
  • Ongoing viral evolution necessitates continuous monitoring of variants and their characteristics.
  • Mutations pose challenges for diagnostics, treatment, and control strategies, highlighting the need for adaptive public health responses.