Deep Nonnegative Matrix Factorization With Beta Divergences

Deep nonnegative matrix factorization (deep NMF) has recently emerged as a valuable technique for extracting multiple layers of features across different scales. However, all existing deep NMF models and algorithms have primarily centered their evaluation on the least squares error, which may not be the most appropriate metric for assessing the quality of approximations on diverse data sets. For instance, when dealing with data types such as audio signals and documents, it is widely acknowledged that ß-divergences offer a more suitable alternative. In this article, we develop new models and algorithms for deep NMF using some ß-divergences, with a focus on the Kullback-Leibler divergence. Subsequently, we apply these techniques to the extraction of facial features, the identification of topics within document collections, and the identification of materials within hyperspectral images.