Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome: A Report of a Rare X-Linked Disorder

Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) is a rare X-linked recessive genetic disorder marked by eczema, thrombocytopenia, and immunodeficiency. The associated immune dysregulation increases the risk of autoimmune disorders and lymphoid malignancies. WAS results from mutations in the WAS protein gene on the short arm of the X chromosome. Here, we present the case of a seven-month-old male, born to non-consanguineous parents with no significant birth or family history. The child had height, weight, and head circumference below the third percentile for age and presented with recurrent mild upper respiratory infections, mild eczema, and thrombocytopenia. Despite symptomatic treatment and clinical improvement, platelet counts continued to decline. A provisional diagnosis of immune thrombocytopenia was made, and intravenous immunoglobulin was administered, which halted the downward trend but did not improve platelet counts. Autoimmune testing revealed strong positivity for antinuclear antibodies (ANA). Given the early-onset thrombocytopenia, anemia, and failure to thrive, autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome was suspected. However, T cell subset analysis was normal. A bone marrow biopsy suggested myelodysplastic syndrome or myeloproliferative neoplasm, but molecular studies were negative. Due to the early-onset autoimmunity and strongly positive ANA, genetic testing via whole exome sequencing confirmed the diagnosis of WAS.