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Early-life socioeconomic position and later-life cognitive functioning: A meta-analysis.

Hanamori F Skoblow1, Christine M Proulx2, Rahmet Akpolat1

  • 1Department of Human Development and Family Science, University of Missouri, 102 Gwynn Hall, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.

Social Science & Medicine (1982)
|September 25, 2024
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Childhood socioeconomic position (SEP) is linked to better cognitive function in older adulthood. Improving early life conditions, especially for women's education, may enhance later-life cognition.

Keywords:
ChildhoodCognitionLife courseSocioeconomic status

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Area of Science:

  • Gerontology
  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Childhood socioeconomic position (SEP) is a critical determinant of lifelong health and well-being.
  • Understanding the long-term impact of early life circumstances on cognitive aging is essential for public health initiatives.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantify the association between childhood socioeconomic position (SEP) and cognitive functioning in older adulthood.
  • To identify potential moderators influencing this relationship, such as gender, education, and national income inequality.

Main Methods:

  • Conducted random-effects meta-analyses of 39 reports, including 49 independent subsamples (N=229,824).
  • Employed meta-regression and subgroup analyses to investigate moderating factors.
  • Examined associations across various cognitive domains including global cognition, verbal episodic memory, verbal fluency, processing speed, and inhibition.

Main Results:

  • A small, positive correlation (r=0.161) was found between childhood SEP and overall cognitive functioning in older adulthood.
  • Significant positive associations were observed for global cognitive functioning, verbal episodic memory, verbal fluency, and processing speed, but not inhibition.
  • Mother's education emerged as a stronger predictor than other SEP indicators; older mean sample age and higher sample education weakened the association with verbal episodic memory.

Conclusions:

  • Childhood socioeconomic conditions significantly influence cognitive performance in later life.
  • Policy interventions aimed at improving early life circumstances, particularly enhancing educational access for women, are recommended to support cognitive health in aging populations.
  • The findings underscore the importance of addressing socioeconomic disparities from childhood to promote cognitive resilience in older adulthood.