Bioinformatics Approaches in the Development of Antifungal Therapeutics and Vaccines

Fungal infections are considered a great threat to human life and are associated with high mortality and morbidity, especially in immunocompromised individuals. Fungal pathogens employ various defense mechanisms to evade the host immune system, which causes severe infections. The available repertoire of drugs for the treatment of fungal infections includes azoles, allylamines, polyenes, echinocandins, and antimetabolites. However, the development of multidrug and pandrug resistance to available antimycotic drugs increases the need to develop better treatment approaches. In this new era of -omics, bioinformatics has expanded options for treating fungal infections. This review emphasizes how bioinformatics complements the emerging strategies, including advancements in drug delivery systems, combination therapies, drug repurposing, epitope-based vaccine design, RNA-based therapeutics, and the role of gut-microbiome interactions to combat anti-fungal resistance. In particular, we focused on computational methods that can be useful to obtain potent hits, and that too in a short period.