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Related Concept Videos

Viral Recombination00:57

Viral Recombination

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Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
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Conservative Site-specific Recombination and Phase Variation02:53

Conservative Site-specific Recombination and Phase Variation

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Because the DNA segments are cut and reorganized in a direction-specific manner, site-specific recombination has emerged as an efficient genetic engineering technique. Flippase and Cyclization recombinases or Flp and Cre, respectively, are two members of the tyrosine recombinase family derived from bacteriophages, that are used to mediate site-specific DNA insertions, deletions, and targeted expression of proteins in mammalian cell lines.
The recognition sites for Cre recombinase called LoxP...
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Viral Mutations00:36

Viral Mutations

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A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material...
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Gene Conversion02:08

Gene Conversion

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Other than maintaining genome stability via DNA repair, homologous recombination plays an important role in diversifying the genome. In fact, the recombination of sequences forms the molecular basis of genomic evolution. Random and non-random permutations of genomic sequences create a library of new amalgamated sequences. These newly formed genomes can determine the fitness and survival of cells. In bacteria, homologous and non-homologous types of recombination lead to the evolution of new...
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Carrier Generation and Recombination01:22

Carrier Generation and Recombination

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Carrier generation is the process by which electron-hole pairs (EHPs) are created within the semiconductor. In direct-bandgap semiconductors, such as gallium arsenide (GaAs), this occurs efficiently when energy absorption prompts valence electrons to leap into the conduction band, leaving behind holes.
This process is given by the generation rate G and is efficient due to the conservation of momentum between the valence band maximum and conduction band minimum.
Indirect generation involves an...
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Crossing Over01:30

Crossing Over

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Crossing over is the exchange of genetic information between homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis I. Genetic recombination gives rise to allelic diversity in the newly formed daughter cells. In humans, crossing over produces genetically distinct haploid egg and sperm cells that undergo fertilization to produce unique offspring. Before cell division starts, the germ cell’s chromosome(s) undergo duplication in the S phase of the cell cycle. As the cells enter prophase I,...
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Isolation of Fidelity Variants of RNA Viruses and Characterization of Virus Mutation Frequency
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Isolation of Fidelity Variants of RNA Viruses and Characterization of Virus Mutation Frequency

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Cellular dynamics shape recombination frequency in coronaviruses.

Cassandra M Bonavita1, Heather L Wells1, Simon J Anthony1

  • 1Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of California Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California, United States of America.

Plos Pathogens
|September 27, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Coronavirus recombination is frequent but regulated by co-infection rates, not RNA barriers. This balance maintains genomic integrity while allowing variation, crucial for understanding viral evolution and disease emergence.

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Coronavirus genomes evolve through recombination.
  • Factors regulating coronavirus recombination rates are poorly understood.
  • Recombination influences viral evolution and host-switching.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the frequency and regulation of coronavirus recombination during co-infection.
  • To identify factors influencing coronavirus co-infection and recombination rates.
  • To understand the balance between genetic variation and genomic integrity in coronaviruses.

Main Methods:

  • Experimental co-infections with distinct coronaviruses.
  • Integration of a discrete-time Susceptible-Infected-Removed (SIR) model.
  • Staggered infection timing to assess co-infection dynamics.

Main Results:

  • Recombination occurs in all co-infections but yields few recombinant RNAs.
  • Recombination rates are primarily determined by cellular co-infection rates.
  • Co-infection rates are influenced by superinfection exclusion and viral fitness.

Conclusions:

  • Coronavirus recombination is a potent yet regulated evolutionary force.
  • The frequency of recombination is balanced to allow variation and maintain integrity.
  • Understanding recombination regulation offers insights into viral evolution and disease emergence.