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Hallucinogens, also known as psychedelic drugs, are a class of substances known for their ability to alter perception, cognition, and emotions. Despite their profound effects on the mind, these drugs are non-addictive, setting them apart from many other abused substances. The mechanism of action of these drugs lies in their impact on the 5-HT2A receptor in the brain. Upon activation, this receptor couples to Gq-type G proteins, triggering a cascade that releases intracellular calcium. This...
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An Overview of Psychoactive Drugs01:28

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Psychoactive drugs impact brain function, influencing perception, mood, consciousness, cognition, and behavior. These substances are grouped based on their effects and the mechanisms by which they act.
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Hallucinogens and Psychedelics01:27

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Hallucinogens are psychoactive substances that profoundly alter perceptual experiences, generating unreal visual and sensory images. Often referred to as psychedelic drugs — a term derived from the Greek words "psyche" (mind) and "delos" (revealing) — these substances include marijuana and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), among others. These drugs vary in intensity and effects.
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Drugs Affecting Neurotransmitter Synthesis01:29

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Drugs affecting neurotransmitter synthesis can impact the adrenergic neuron and the synthesis of neurotransmitters. For example, α-methyltyrosine and carbidopa target specific enzymes involved in catecholamine synthesis. α-methyltyrosine inhibits the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase, which converts tyrosine into dopamine. By blocking this enzyme, α-methyltyrosine reduces dopamine production and other catecholamines. Carbidopa, on the other hand, inhibits the enzyme dopa decarboxylase,...
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Certain drugs can affect how neurotransmitters called catecholamines, are released or taken back up in the adrenergic neuron. They can have different effects on the body's sympathetic transmission. Reserpine, a natural compound found in the Rauwolfia shrub, blocks a transporter called vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT), which leads to a buildup of catecholamines in the cell and reduces sympathetic transmission. Another drug called guanethidine works in multiple ways, including blocking...
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Atypical antidepressants, including bupropion (Wellbutrin), mirtazapine (Remeron), nefazodone (Serzone), trazodone (Desyrel), and vilazodone (Viibryd), offer unique mechanisms of action. Bupropion weakly inhibits dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake, aiding depression treatment and smoking cessation, with a low risk of sexual dysfunction. Mirtazapine enhances serotonin and norepinephrine neurotransmission, leading to sedation, increased appetite, and weight gain. As a result, it helps treat...
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Classical psychedelics' action on brain monoaminergic systems.

Jasmine Jade Butler1, Daria Ricci2, Chloé Aman1

  • 1University of Bordeaux, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), unit 5287, Institut des Neurosciences Intégratives et Cognitives d'Aquitaine (INCIA), Bordeaux, France.

The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology
|September 27, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Classical psychedelics show complex, state-dependent effects on serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine neurons. Their clinical potential in psychiatric disorders is linked to these varied neurochemical actions.

Keywords:
DopamineMicrodialysisNoradrenalinePsychedelicsSerotoninSerotonin receptorsSingle-cell extracellular recordings

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychopharmacology
  • Neurobiology

Background:

  • Classical psychedelics are investigated for treating psychiatric disorders like depression and anxiety.
  • These compounds interact with 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors (5-HTRs), influencing monoaminergic neuron activity.
  • Limited neurochemical data exists on how psychedelics affect monoaminergic systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review existing data on the neurochemical effects of classical psychedelics on serotonergic, dopaminergic, and noradrenergic neurons.
  • To determine if psychedelics exhibit specific neurochemical actions on these monoamine systems.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of neurochemical studies on classical psychedelics.
  • Analysis of data on psychedelic interactions with 5-HTRs and monoaminergic neuron activity.
  • Compilation of findings on state-dependent and region-specific effects.

Main Results:

  • Psychedelics have disparate effects on serotonergic, dopaminergic, and noradrenergic systems.
  • Inhibition of serotonergic and noradrenergic neuron firing by psychedelics is observed, but not always linked to neurotransmitter release.
  • Dopaminergic system influence is complex due to 5-HTR interactions, showing state-dependent effects.

Conclusions:

  • Classical psychedelics do not induce a clear, uniform neuronal signature across monoaminergic systems.
  • The neurochemical effects of psychedelics are complex, state-dependent, and region-specific.
  • A potential monoamine signature for psychedelics, if it exists, is likely context-dependent.